scholarly journals Feeding Value of Canna edulis Roots for Pigs

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-274
Author(s):  
J. Le Dividich
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Juice ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Feeding Value

Canna edulis roots grown in Guadeloupe were analyzed by proximate composition. The in vitro α-amylolysis of the canna starch was evaluated by the quantitative determination of the enzymatic hydrolysis products of starch with piglet pancreatic juice. The digestibility and the digestible energy content of canna roots for 55-kg pigs were determined by the addition method in a study using four pigs individually fed in metabolism crates. The studies were made on roots either raw or cooked in boiling water for 30 minutes. Raw and cooked canna roots were found to contain (on dry weight basis) 81.0 and 75.6% starch, 6.0 and 13.9% alcohol soluble sugars and 3.7 and 3.4% crude protein, respectively. In vitro, less than 2% of raw canna starch was digested within two hours by the piglet pancreatic juice vs. more than 90% when cooked. In the pigs, the apparent digestibility of raw and cooked canna roots was 79.2 and 88.9% for dry matter and 76.0 and 87.6% for gross energy, respectively. Raw and cooked canna roots supplied 2,940 and 3,467 kcal digestible energy per kg (dry-matter basis), respectively.

Digestibility and chemical composition of fractions of lucerne during spring and summer

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Christian ◽  
D. B. Jones ◽  
M. Freer
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Leaf Composition

SUMMARYBulk harvests of primary growth were made at intervals during the spring and summer of 2 consecutive years from an ungrazed area of lucerne (Medicago sativa) and the digestibility by sheep was measured. At the same times, shoots of known length representative of the sward were collected, divided into 7·5 cm lengths, and separated into leaf and stem for the determination of ash, nitrogen, cellulose, and in vitro organic matter digestibility.Digestibility and leaf: stem ratio of the bulk harvests decreased and dry matter increased as the season advanced. Leaf composition changed little, but stem increased in lignin and decreased in ash and in vitro digestibility. In vitro digestibility and leaf: stem ratio were highly correlated with sheep digestibility.Chemical composition of shoots of known heights was similar to that of the bulk harvests. Leaf weights/shoot tended to increase linearly with height of shoot, whereas stem increased nearly as the square of the height. Dry matter of leaf and stem were inversely related to leaf:stem ratio. Stem digestibility decreased with leaf:stem ratio and with increase in shoot height.Chemical components of shoot fractions were associated with each other and were largely dependent on the distance from the top of the shoot at which they had been taken, irrespective of shoot height or time of year. Bottom stems had lower ash, nitrogen and digestibility but higher cellulose, dry weight and dry matter than top stems, whose composition approached that of leaves. Leaf fractions showed little consistent trend with position on the shoot.Some of the difficulties in studying changes in plant composition under field conditions are discussed.

Digestible energy of wheat and oat grains when fed to sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (53) ◽  
pp. 610 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Nottle
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Feeding Trials

In pen feeding trials with eight Merino wethers, digestion coefficients were estimated for rations of cereal chaff-wheat grain-oat grain mixture, and wheat grain and oat grain fed separately at two levels of intake. Digestion coefficients for wheat and oat grain fed at 675 g/day in a double crossover experiment were dry matter 89.4, 80.8 per cent, organic matter 90.1, 82.6 per cent, protein 82.3, 77.6 per cent, ether extract 84.1, 90.9 per cent, crude fibre 33.2, 59.9 per cent, nitrogen free extractives 93.2, 85.8 per cent, energy 88.1, 81.0 per cent, total digestible nutrients 91.6, 87.1 per cent, and starch equivalents 90.7, 85.7. When these grains were fed at 785 g/day there was about 10 per cent improvement in crude fibre digestibility for both grains and 1-2 per cent improvement for other estimations with oats but not with wheat. The gross energy content of the wheat and oat grains when fed at 675 g/day was 4407 and 4700 calories/g dry matter. The digestible energy of the wheat in calories/g dry matter and organic matter was 3869 � 30, 3933 � 30 and for oats 3791 � 59, 3910 � 61. When fed at 785 g/day these values for wheat were 3850 � 50,3911 � 51 and for oats 3796 � 34, 3913 � 51. A highly significant relationship was found between energy and dry matter digestibility which for wheat diets was Y = 1.074x 7.840. r = 0.993 (P<0.001), and for oats and the mixed diet of cereal chaff-oat grain-wheat grain, Y = 0.983x + 1.550. r = 0.996 (P<0.001) where Y = energy and X = dry matter digestibility and r = the coefficient of correlation. Because of the similar digestible energy content of, and the body weight gains of sheep on, these two grains it was concluded that under the present conditions these grains were equivalent weight for weight.

The use of the in vitro fermentation technique to estimate the digestible energy content of some Egyptian forages: III. The effect of periodical renewal of medium on volatile fatty acid production and cellulose digestion in vitro as criteria of energy content

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-436
Author(s):  
K. El-Shazly ◽  
M. A. Naga ◽  
M. A. Abaza ◽  
A. R. Abou Akkada
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Digestible Energy

SUMMARYEleven forages of known digestible energy/kg dry matter (Naga & el-Shazly, 1963) were used in in vitro fermentation experiments. Direct determinations of digestible energy (D.E./kg D.M.) using the bomb calorimeter were also included, and the values were corrected for gas losses.In vitro fermentations were interrupted every 12, 8 and 6 h, the medium was renewed and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and cellulose digestion were estimated. Volatile fatty acid production from legumes was high early in the fermentation periods and became lower in later periods. Non-legumes behaved in an opposite manner.Significant negative correlation coefficients between VFA production and D.E./kg D.M. were found for legumes at later intervals of fermentation, while correlation coefficients for non-legumes lost their significance at later periods of fermentation.Digestible energy/kg dry matter could best be predicted for legumes from the volatile fatty acids produced in the second 12 h fermentation period or from the sum of the VFA produced in second, third and fourth 6 h periods of fermentation.

FEEDING VALUE FOR BEEF STEERS OF CORN SILAGE AS AFFECTED BY HARVEST DATES AND FROST

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. CALDER ◽  
J. E. LANGILLE ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Whole Plants

An experiment was conducted in 3 consecutive yr with corn grown each year on a field from which silage was made of corn harvested at different dates before and after freezing. Yields of green and dry weight were recorded at each harvest. Individual whole plants and plant parts were evaluated for dry matter (DM), total nitrogen, total available carbohydrates and in vitro digestibility of DM. Animal gains, feed consumption and carcass grades were determined by feeding the silages to yearling Hereford steers and DM digestibility determined with sheep. The total yield and contribution of the ear increased from the first to the second harvesting date. The in vivo digestibility of DM of the silages declined between the second and final harvests in all years as did animal gain in years 1 and 3. The in vitro digestibility appeared to underestimate the effect of frost on the in vivo digestibility of silage made with corn. When the silages were fed to steers, they consumed more dry matter per day from that harvested on the intermediate date than from either the early or late date. Higher carcass grades occurred when the steers were fed corn harvested at the intermediate dates. The results of these experiments show clearly that corn which has been heavily frozen will loose dry matter and feeding value if left standing in the field for a period of time; however, corn harvested soon after freezing is not as seriously affected.

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DRY MATTER DETERMINATION METHODS ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF SILAGES

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. LARSEN ◽  
G. M. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Determination Methods

Dry matter (DM) contents of 13 silages, comprised of 5 corn, 4 legume–grass, and 4 corn–hay crop silage mixtures, were determined by (1) toluene distillation (TD), corrected for volatiles lost into the aqueous distillate; (2) TD, uncorrected; (3) freeze-drying (FD); (4) oven-drying (OD) at 40 C; (5) OD at 65 C; and (6) moisture-tester at 100 C. Corrected TD showed significantly higher (P < 0.01) DM levels compared with other methods. Up to 12.8% loss of DM resulted from heat-drying, depending on the method and the sample. Dried-ground silages were analyzed for nutrient composition. No significant changes in cell-wall constituents or organic matter contents were observed. Silages that were FD were highest in cellulose content (P < 0.05), whereas both FD and OD at 40 C resulted in significant increases in gross energy (P < 0.05) and crude protein (P < 0.01) content compared with other methods. FD or OD at 40 C resulted in the highest dry matter solubility and in vitro digestibility of cellulose, dry matter, and organic matter (P < 0.05). The lowest values for these analyses were obtained with silages heat-dried at 65 and 100 C. Results of these studies suggest that corrected TD should be used for determination of silage DM content and that in vitro analyses or other biochemical determinations should be conducted on silage samples that have been freeze-dried or oven-dried at 40 C.

A Note on the use of micronized barley for growing pigs

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Fernandes ◽  
K. Hutton ◽  
W. C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Subsequent Trial ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Processing Treatment ◽  
Gross Energy

SummaryAn experiment was undertaken to examine the effects of the micronization process followed by grinding on the chemical composition of barley and on digestibility and nitrogen (N) retention in the growing pig. Micronization relative to normal grinding increased the dry matter (DM) content and starch availability in vitro and decreased the protein content of the cereal. Retention of N was not affected by the process but apparent digestibility of the DM, N and gross energy was improved. The improvement in digestible energy content of micronized barley over the ground grain was 3·8%. In a subsequent trial 24 pigs were individually and scale-fed a diet containing 75% of barley in ground or micronized and ground form over the liveweight range 33 to 80 kg. Processing treatment did not influence growth rate, DM food conversion ratio, killing-out percentage, deposition of backfat or area of ‘eye muscle’ in cross-section.

An evaluation of the micronization process for preparing cereals for the growing pig. 1. Effects on digestibility and nitrogen retention

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. J. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Extract Content ◽  
Gross Energy

SUMMARY1. In two experiments, each using three groups of six littermate castrated male pigs per group, the effects on cereal composition, apparent digestibility and nitrogen retention of micronizing barley and maize were studied.2. The process increased the dry matter (DM) content and in vitro starch availability and decreased the nitrogen content of both cereals. When maize was flaked (rolled) subsequent to the process the ether-extract content was markedly decreased.3. Nitrogen retention was not affected by the process but apparent digestibility of the DM, nitrogen and gross energy was improved. These effects were most marked when the process was followed by flaking, the improvements in such cases in digestible energy content over the unprocessed grain being 4·3% (P>0·05) for barley and 6·6% (P<0·05) for maize.4. Soaking the unprocessed and micronized and flaked cereals before feeding did not significantly affect the results.

CONTRIBUTION OF STEMS AND LEAVES TO THE COMPOSITION AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF IRRIGATED BROMEGRASS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 767-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. KILCHER ◽  
J. E. TROELSEN
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Gross Energy

Irrigated bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, was sampled for 14 consecutive wk. Quantitative and qualitative measurements at each sampling included yield, crude protein, cell wall lignin, gross energy, and in vitro digestible energy content of leaves and stems. Dry matter yields increased steadily to 8,500 kg/ha at flowering. Proportion of leaves by weight decreased to about 40% at maturity. Crude protein content of leaves from the boot stage onward remained 10–12 percentage points higher than that of stems. Cell wall lignin content approached 75% in stems with advancing maturity, whereas in leaves it did not exceed 60%. Digestible energy content of leaves declined to 57% at maturity, and that of stems declined to 34%. For whole plant harvesting for hay there was a 2-wk period from headed out to mid-bloom where nutrient energy yields were nearly constant.

scholarly journals PSVIII-1 Determination of in vitro DM, N and NDF digestibility and fermentability in novel corn co-products for swine

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 206-207
Author(s):  
Amanda Palowski ◽  
Zhaohui Yang ◽  
Pedro E Urriola ◽  
Gerald C Shurson
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Corn Fiber ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dent Corn ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Corn Ddgs

Abstract New process technologies are being implemented in the ethanol industry resulting in new high protein corn co-products (HPCP) containing more gross energy and amino acids than conventional distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Thus, estimates of nutrient digestibility for HPCP are needed to assess potential feeding value for swine. Furthermore, yellow dent corn is the predominant grain source in U.S. ethanol and co-product production whereas flint corn is used in Brazil. This study determined and compared in vitro dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility and fermentability of U.S. and Brazil corn DDGS and new HPCP. In vitro methods evaluated DM, N, and NDF digestibility and fermentability of 2 corn DDGS samples from U.S. (POET and ICM), 2 DDGS samples from Brazil (BR1 and BR2), 1 corn fiber and solubles sample (CF+S), 3 high protein distillers grains (HP-DDG) samples (BR-HP, US-HP, US-HPG1.5), and 2 HP-DDG samples containing high yeast (Ultramax; UM) and StillPro (SP). Digestibility of DM from hydrolysis varied and was greatest for UM (87.13%; P &lt; 0.001) compared with all other co-products. Fermentability of DM was greater (P &lt; 0.001), and similar for UM (85.6%), SP (76.8%), and US-HP-DDG (72.8%) compared with other co-products. Digestibility of N was greater for UM (91.2%; P &lt; 0.001) compared with all other co-products. NDF digestibility was greater (P &lt; 0.001) for UM (62.5%) and SP (60.5%) compared with all other co-products. POET and ICM DDGS had greater (P &lt; 0.001) DM hydrolysis (78.7% and 68.2%, respectively), than BR1 (37.2%) and BR2 (35.0%) and N digestibility (POET = 65.0%; ICM = 58.9%) compared with BR1 (54.4%) and BR2 (43.4%). These results suggest greater nutritional value for Ultramax and StillPro than conventional DDGS and HP-DDG sources (U.S. and Brazilian) due to greater DM, N, and NDF digestibility.

scholarly journals DIGESTIBLE ENERGY IN FORAGE BYIN VIVOANDIN VITROASSAYS

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. TROELSEN
Keyword(s):  
Energy Analysis ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
In Vitro Assay ◽  
Pure Species ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Forage of six pure species was harvested for hay at several maturity stages during four years. The digestible energy content of 102 different lots of hay was determined by feeding to four groups of sheep during the same period, and by in vitro digestions and energy analysis of the undigested residues. The relationship between digestible energy content assayed by the two methods was highly significant (r = 0.85) and did not differ between years and species. Exclusion from regression of the hays containing less than 2 or more than 3 digestible kcal/g revealed that the in vitro assay could reproduce the in vivo digestible energy value with a standard deviation of 0.31 in over 70% of the hays. This represented the maturity and quality range of forage commonly fed to cattle and sheep. The in vitro assay therefore appeared promising for commercial quality determinations.

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