scholarly journals Small-scale variability of stratospheric ozone during the SSW 2018/2019 observed at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Schranz ◽  
Jonas Hagen ◽  
Gunter Stober ◽  
Klemens Hocke ◽  
Axel Murk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Planetary Wave ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Elevation Angle ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Meridional Transport

Abstract. Middle atmospheric ozone, water vapour and zonal and meridional wind profiles have been measured with the two ground-based microwave radiometers GROMOS-C and MIAWARA-C. The instruments are located at the Arctic research base AWIPEV at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (79° N, 12° E) since September 2015. GROMOS-C measures ozone spectra in the four cardinal directions with an elevation angle of 22°. This means that the probed airmasses at an altitude of 3 hPa (37 km) have a horizontal distance of 92 km to Ny-Ålesund. We retrieve four separate ozone profiles along the lines of sight and calculate daily mean horizontal ozone gradients which allow us to investigate the small-scale spatial variability of ozone above Ny-Ålesund. In winter 2018/2019 a major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) took place with the central date at 2 January. We present the ozone, water vapour and wind measurements of the winter 2018/2019 and discuss the signatures of the SSW in a global context. We further present the evolution of the ozone gradients at Ny-Ålesund and link it to the planetary wave activity. At 3 hPa we find a distinct seasonal variation of the ozone gradients. In October and March a strong polar vortex leads to ozone decreases towards the pole. In November the amplitudes of the planetary waves grow until they break in the end of December and an SSW takes place. From November until February the ozone gradients mostly point to higher latitudes and the magnitude is smaller than in October and March. We attribute this to the planetary wave activity of wave number 1 and 2 which enabled meridional transport. The MERRA-2 reanalysis and the SD-WACCM model are able to capture the small-scale ozone variability and its seasonal changes.

scholarly journals Small-scale variability of stratospheric ozone during the sudden stratospheric warming 2018/2019 observed at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 10791-10806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Schranz ◽  
Jonas Hagen ◽  
Gunter Stober ◽  
Klemens Hocke ◽  
Axel Murk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Planetary Wave ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Elevation Angle ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Stratospheric Warming ◽  
Sudden Stratospheric Warming

Abstract. Middle atmospheric ozone, water vapour and zonal and meridional wind profiles have been measured with the two ground-based microwave radiometers GROMOS-C and MIAWARA-C. The instruments have been located at the Arctic research base AWIPEV at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (79∘ N, 12∘ E), since September 2015. GROMOS-C measures ozone spectra in the four cardinal directions with an elevation angle of 22∘. This means that the probed air masses at an altitude of 3 hPa (37 km) have a horizontal distance of 92 km to Ny-Ålesund. We retrieve four separate ozone profiles along the lines of sight and calculate daily mean horizontal ozone gradients which allow us to investigate the small-scale spatial variability of ozone above Ny-Ålesund. We present the evolution of the ozone gradients at Ny-Ålesund during winter 2018/2019, when a major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) took place with the central date at 2 January, and link it to the planetary wave activity. We further analyse the SSW and discuss our ozone and water vapour measurements in a global context. At 3 hPa we find a distinct seasonal variation of the ozone gradients. The strong polar vortex during October and March results in a decreasing ozone volume mixing ratio towards the pole. In November the amplitudes of the planetary waves grow until they break in the end of December and an SSW takes place. From November until February ozone increases towards higher latitudes and the magnitude of the ozone gradients is smaller than in October and March. We attribute this to the planetary wave activity of wave numbers 1 and 2 which enabled meridional transport. The MERRA-2 reanalysis and the SD-WACCM model are able to capture the small-scale ozone variability and its seasonal changes.

scholarly journals Radiative and dynamical contributions to past and future Arctic stratospheric temperature trends

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 6707-6728
Author(s):  
P. Bohlinger ◽  
B.-M. Sinnhuber ◽  
R. Ruhnke ◽  
O. Kirner
Keyword(s):  
Planetary Wave ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Stratospheric Temperature ◽  
The Future ◽  
Cooling Trend

Abstract. Arctic stratospheric ozone depletion is closely linked to the occurrence of low stratospheric temperatures. There are indications that cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere have been getting colder, raising the question if and to what extent a cooling of the Arctic stratosphere may continue into the future. We use meteorological re-analyses from ERA-Interim for the past 32 yr together with calculations of the chemistry-climate model EMAC and CCM models from the CCMVal project to infer radiative and dynamical contributions to long-term Arctic stratospheric temperature changes. For the past three decades ERA-Interim shows a warming trend in winter and cooling trend in spring and summer. Changes in winter and spring are caused by a corresponding change of planetary wave activity with increases in winter and decreases in spring. During winter the increase of planetary wave activity is counteracted by a radiatively induced cooling. Stratospheric radiatively induced cooling is detected throughout all seasons being highly significant in spring and summer. This means that for a given dynamical situation, in ERA-Interim the annual mean temperature of the Arctic lower stratosphere has been cooling by −0.41 ± 0.11 K decade−1 at 50 hPa over the past 32 yr. Calculations with state-of-the-art models from CCMVal and the EMAC model confirm the radiatively induced cooling for the past decades, but underestimate the amount of radiatively induced cooling deduced from ERA-Interim. EMAC predicts a continued annual radiatively induced cooling for the coming decades (2001–2049) of −0.15 ± 0.06 K decade−1 where the projected increase of CO2 accounts for about 2/3 of the cooling effect. Expected decrease of stratospheric halogen loading and resulting ozone recovery in the future counteracts the cooling tendency due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and leads to a reduced future cooling trend compared to the past. CCMVal multi-model mean predicts a future annual mean radiatively induced cooling of −0.10 ± 0.02 K decade−1 which is also smaller in the future than in the past.

scholarly journals Arctic Stratosphere Circulation Changes in the 21st Century in Simulations of INM CM5

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Pavel N. Vargin ◽  
Sergey V. Kostrykin ◽  
Evgeni M. Volodin ◽  
Alexander I. Pogoreltsev ◽  
Ke Wei
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Planetary Wave ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Meridional Circulation ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Coupled Climate Model ◽  
Sudden Stratospheric Warming ◽  
Stationary Planetary Wave

Simulations of Institute of Numerical Mathematics (INM) coupled climate model 5th version for the period from 2015 to 2100 under moderate (SSP2-4.5) and severe (SSP5-8.5) scenarios of greenhouse gases growth are analyzed to investigate changes of Arctic polar stratospheric vortex, planetary wave propagation, Sudden Stratospheric Warming frequency, Final Warming dates, and meridional circulation. Strengthening of wave activity propagation and a stationary planetary wave number 1 in the middle and upper stratosphere, acceleration of meridional circulation, an increase of winter mean polar stratospheric volume (Vpsc) and strengthening of Arctic stratosphere interannual variability after the middle of 21st century, especially under a severe scenario, were revealed. March monthly values of Vpsc in some winters could be about two times more than observed ones in the Arctic stratosphere in the spring of 2011 and 2020, which in turn could lead to large ozone layer destruction. Composite analysis shows that “warm” winters with the least winter mean Vpsc values are characterized by strengthening of wave activity propagation from the troposphere into the stratosphere in December but weaker propagation in January–February in comparison with winters having the largest Vpsc values.

scholarly journals Radiative and dynamical contributions to past and future Arctic stratospheric temperature trends

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 1679-1688 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bohlinger ◽  
B.-M. Sinnhuber ◽  
R. Ruhnke ◽  
O. Kirner
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Planetary Wave ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Radiosonde Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Past ◽  
Stratospheric Temperature

Abstract. Arctic stratospheric ozone depletion is closely linked to the occurrence of low stratospheric temperatures. There are indications that cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere have been getting colder, raising the question if and to what extent a cooling of the Arctic stratosphere may continue into the future. We use meteorological reanalyses from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim and NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) for the past 32 yr together with calculations of the chemistry-climate model (CCM) ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) and models from the Chemistry-Climate Model Validation (CCMVal) project to infer radiative and dynamical contributions to long-term Arctic stratospheric temperature changes. For the past three decades the reanalyses show a warming trend in winter and cooling trend in spring and summer, which agree well with trends from the Radiosonde Innovation Composite Homogenization (RICH) adjusted radiosonde data set. Changes in winter and spring are caused by a corresponding change of planetary wave activity with increases in winter and decreases in spring. During winter the increase of planetary wave activity is counteracted by a residual radiatively induced cooling. Stratospheric radiatively induced cooling is detected throughout all seasons, being highly significant in spring and summer. This means that for a given dynamical situation, according to ERA-Interim the annual mean temperature of the Arctic lower stratosphere has been cooling by −0.41 ± 0.11 K decade−1 at 50 hPa over the past 32 yr. Calculations with state-of-the-art models from CCMVal and the EMAC model qualitatively reproduce the radiatively induced cooling for the past decades, but underestimate the amount of radiatively induced cooling deduced from reanalyses. There are indications that this discrepancy could be partly related to a possible underestimation of past Arctic ozone trends in the models. The models project a continued cooling of the Arctic stratosphere over the coming decades (2001–2049) that is for the annual mean about 40% less than the modeled cooling for the past, due to the reduction of ozone depleting substances and the resulting ozone recovery. This projected cooling in turn could offset between 15 and 40% of the Arctic ozone recovery.

scholarly journals Planetary wave activity in the polar lower stratosphere

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 707-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Alexander ◽  
M. G. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Planetary Wave ◽  
Travelling Waves ◽  
Stationary Wave ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Stationary Waves ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Zonal Wavenumber ◽  
The Times

Abstract. Temperature data from the COSMIC GPS-RO satellite constellation are used to study the distribution and variability of planetary wave activity in the low to mid- stratosphere (15–40 km) of the Arctic and Antarctic from September 2006 until March 2009. Stationary waves are separated from travelling waves and their amplitudes, periods and small-scale vertical distribution then examined. COSMIC observed short lived (less than two weeks and less than 5 km vertically) but large enhancements in planetary wave amplitudes occurring regularly throughout all winters in both hemispheres. In contrast to recent Arctic winters, eastward wave activity during 2008–2009 was significantly reduced during the early part of the winter and immediately prior to the major SSW. The eastward waves which did exist had similar periods to the two preceding winters (~16–20 days). A westward wave with zonal wavenumber two, with distinct peaks at 22 km and 35 km and period around 16–24 days, as well as a stationary wave two were associated with the 2009 major SSW. In the Southern Hemisphere, the height structure of planetary wave amplitudes also exhibited fluctuations on short time and vertical scales superimposed upon the broader seasonal cycle. Significant inter-annual variability in planetary wave amplitude and period are noticed, with the times of cessation of significant activity also varying.

scholarly journals Middle atmospheric water vapour and dynamics in the vicinity of the polar vortex during the Hygrosonde-2 campaign

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (13) ◽  
pp. 4407-4417 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lossow ◽  
M. Khaplanov ◽  
J. Gumbel ◽  
J. Stegman ◽  
G. Witt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Water Vapour Concentration ◽  
Wind Shears

Abstract. The Hygrosonde-2 campaign took place on 16 December 2001 at Esrange/Sweden (68° N, 21° E) with the aim to investigate the small scale distribution of water vapour in the middle atmosphere in the vicinity of the Arctic polar vortex. In situ balloon and rocket-borne measurements of water vapour were performed by means of OH fluorescence hygrometry. The combined measurements yielded a high resolution water vapour profile up to an altitude of 75 km. Using the characteristic of water vapour being a dynamical tracer it was possible to directly relate the water vapour data to the location of the polar vortex edge, which separates air masses of different character inside and outside the polar vortex. The measurements probed extra-vortex air in the altitude range between 45 km and 60 km and vortex air elsewhere. Transitions between vortex and extra-vortex usually coincided with wind shears caused by gravity waves which advect air masses with different water vapour volume mixing ratios. From the combination of the results from the Hygrosonde-2 campaign and the first flight of the optical hygrometer in 1994 (Hygrosonde-1) a clear picture of the characteristic water vapour distribution inside and outside the polar vortex can be drawn. Systematic differences in the water vapour concentration between the inside and outside of the polar vortex can be observed all the way up into the mesosphere. It is also evident that in situ measurements with high spatial resolution are needed to fully account for the small-scale exchange processes in the polar winter middle atmosphere.

scholarly journals Observations of filamentary structures near the vortex edge in the Arctic winter lower stratosphere

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 10859-10871 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kalicinsky ◽  
J.-U. Grooß ◽  
G. Günther ◽  
J. Ungermann ◽  
J. Blank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
Lagrangian Model ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Passive Tracers

Abstract. The CRISTA-NF (Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescope for the Atmosphere – New Frontiers) instrument is an airborne infrared limb sounder operated aboard the Russian research aircraft M55-Geophysica. The instrument successfully participated in a large Arctic aircraft campaign within the RECONCILE (Reconciliation of essential process parameters for an enhanced predictability of Arctic stratospheric ozone loss and its climate interactions) project in Kiruna (Sweden) from January to March 2010. This paper concentrates on the measurements taken during one flight of the campaign, which took place on 2 March in the vicinity of the polar vortex. We present two-dimensional cross-sections of derived volume mixing ratios for the trace gases CFC-11, O3, and ClONO2 with an unprecedented vertical resolution of about 500 to 600 m for a large part of the observed altitude range (≈ 6–19 km) and a dense horizontal sampling along flight direction of ≈ 15 km. The trace gas distributions show several structures, for example a part of the polar vortex and a vortex filament, which can be identified by means of O3–CFC-11 tracer–tracer correlations. The observations made during this flight are interpreted using the chemistry and transport model CLaMS (Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere). Comparisons of the observations with the model results are used to assess the performance of the model with respect to advection, mixing, and the chemistry in the polar vortex. These comparisons confirm the capability of CLaMS to reproduce even very small-scale structures in the atmosphere, which partly have a vertical extent of only 1 km. Based on the good agreement between simulation and observation, we use artificial (passive) tracers, which represent different air mass origins (e.g. vortex, tropics), to further analyse the CRISTA-NF observations in terms of the composition of air mass origins. These passive tracers clearly illustrate the observation of filamentary structures that include tropical air masses. A characteristic of the Arctic winter 2009/10 was a sudden stratospheric warming in December that led to a split of the polar vortex. The vortex re-established at the end of December. Our passive tracer simulations suggest that large parts of the re-established vortex consisted to about 45% of high- and mid-latitude air.

scholarly journals Arctic stratospheric dehydration – Part 1: Unprecedented observation of vertical redistribution of water

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 11503-11517 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Khaykin ◽  
I. Engel ◽  
H. Vömel ◽  
I. M. Formanyuk ◽  
R. Kivi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Satellite Observation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Ice Particles ◽  
Climate Interactions ◽  
Stratospheric Clouds

Abstract. We present high-resolution measurements of water vapour, aerosols and clouds in the Arctic stratosphere in January and February 2010 carried out by in situ instrumentation on balloon sondes and high-altitude aircraft combined with satellite observations. The measurements provide unparalleled evidence of dehydration and rehydration due to gravitational settling of ice particles. An extreme cooling of the Arctic stratospheric vortex during the second half of January 2010 resulted in a rare synoptic-scale outbreak of ice polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) remotely detected by the lidar aboard the CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) satellite. The widespread occurrence of ice clouds was followed by sedimentation and consequent sublimation of ice particles, leading to vertical redistribution of water inside the vortex. A sequence of balloon and aircraft soundings with chilled mirror and Lyman- α hygrometers (Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer, CFH; Fast In Situ Stratospheric Hygrometer, FISH; Fluorescent Airborne Stratospheric Hygrometer, FLASH) and backscatter sondes (Compact Optical Backscatter Aerosol Detector, COBALD) conducted in January 2010 within the LAPBIAT (Lapland Atmosphere-Biosphere Facility) and RECONCILE (Reconciliation of Essential Process Parameters for an Enhanced Predictability of Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Loss and its Climate Interactions) campaigns captured various phases of this phenomenon: ice formation, irreversible dehydration and rehydration. Consistent observations of water vapour by these independent measurement techniques show clear signatures of irreversible dehydration of the vortex air by up to 1.6 ppmv in the 20–24 km altitude range and rehydration by up to 0.9 ppmv in a 1 km thick layer below. Comparison with space-borne Aura MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) water vapour observations allow the spatiotemporal evolution of dehydrated air masses within the Arctic vortex to be derived and upscaled.

scholarly journals How does downward planetary wave coupling affect polar stratospheric ozone in the Arctic winter stratosphere?

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 2437-2458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro W. Lubis ◽  
Vered Silverman ◽  
Katja Matthes ◽  
Nili Harnik ◽  
Nour-Eddine Omrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Concentration ◽  
Planetary Wave ◽  
Wave Reflection ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Climate Simulation ◽  
Residual Circulation ◽  
Wave Flux ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. It is well established that variable wintertime planetary wave forcing in the stratosphere controls the variability of Arctic stratospheric ozone through changes in the strength of the polar vortex and the residual circulation. While previous studies focused on the variations in upward wave flux entering the lower stratosphere, here the impact of downward planetary wave reflection on ozone is investigated for the first time. Utilizing the MERRA2 reanalysis and a fully coupled chemistry–climate simulation with the Community Earth System Model (CESM1(WACCM)) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), we find two downward wave reflection effects on ozone: (1) the direct effect in which the residual circulation is weakened during winter, reducing the typical increase of ozone due to upward planetary wave events and (2) the indirect effect in which the modification of polar temperature during winter affects the amount of ozone destruction in spring. Winter seasons dominated by downward wave reflection events (i.e., reflective winters) are characterized by lower Arctic ozone concentration, while seasons dominated by increased upward wave events (i.e., absorptive winters) are characterized by relatively higher ozone concentration. This behavior is consistent with the cumulative effects of downward and upward planetary wave events on polar stratospheric ozone via the residual circulation and the polar temperature in winter. The results establish a new perspective on dynamical processes controlling stratospheric ozone variability in the Arctic by highlighting the key role of wave reflection.

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