Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wing Chung Ng
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Community Band ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Cantonese Opera

This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. This study constructed a three-part narrative to chronicle the rise of Cantonese opera. At the outset, much information on the latter half of the nineteenth century is provided, and the imperial period also is covered as additional background, but the principal time frame is the early part of the twentieth century. A key finding of this study is the resilience of the opera community and how it managed to find ways to tap into the underlying appeal of a plebeian theater and to make difficult adjustments in logistics and other long-held conventions in order to stay afloat and rebound. The changes made during the 1920s and early 1930s continued a larger process of ongoing evolution and showcased the remarkable adaptive capacity of Cantonese opera. They also underscore the tremendous resilience of the opera community band its art in facing the severe disruptions and dislocation caused by the Sino- Japanese War and even greater uncertainties in the ensuing postwar years.

‘Our Greatest Riches’: Horses at the Intersection of Settler and Kazakh Society in the Late Imperial Period

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-228
Author(s):  
Sean McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Seasonal Migration ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This article examines interactions between Slavic peasant migrants and mobile pastoralist Kazakhs within the setting of the Kazakh Steppe during the period of heaviest resettlement to the region beginning in the late nineteenth century and continuing into the early twentieth century. It considers how the importance of horses to both settlers and Kazakhs alike dictated these interactions and how the sedentary world of the settlers disrupted the seasonal migration routes of Kazakh horse herders. Particularly with concern to the greatly expanded horse market, issues regarding land use, and increased instances of horse theft throughout the region, the Russian state’s encroachment into the steppe forever altered the social and economic makeup of the region.

scholarly journals Survey Essay 1. Periodizing and Historicizing German Afro-Americanophilia: From Antebellum to Postwar (1850-1965)

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Ege ◽  
Andrew Wright Hurley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Black People ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
German Culture ◽  
Black Germans ◽  
Power Differentials ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War

In this first essay, we delve into significant moments in the history (and pre-history) of twentieth century Afro-Americanophilia in Germany. We establish a periodisation stretching from the nineteenth century until the mid-1960s (from which point our second essay will continue), and take in the pre-colonial, the colonial, the Weimar, the Nazi; and the post-war eras.  We draw out some of the particularly significant moments, ruptures, and continuities within that time frame. We also identify some of the salient ways scholars have interpreted ‘Afro-Americanophilia’ during the period.  Focusing on a variety of practices of appropriation, communicative media, actors and forms of agency, power differentials, and sociocultural contexts, we discuss positive images of and affirmative approaches to black people in German culture and in its imaginaries. We attend to who was active in Afro-Americanophilia, in what ways, and what the effects of that agency were. Our main focus is on white German Afro-Americanophiles, but—without attempting to write a history of African Americans, black people in Germany, or Black Germans— we also inquire into the ways that the latter reacted to, suffered under the expectations levied upon them, or were able to engage with the demand for ‘black cultural traffic.’  

African Nationalism in South Africa: Origins and Problems

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donovan Williams
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Port Elizabeth ◽  
Significant Area ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
African Nationalism

Many of the characteristic strains of African Nationalism in South Africa, as were manifest during its peak in the 1950s, may be traced back to the historical situation on the Eastern Frontier of the Cape Colony in the early nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, the Port Elizabeth–East London–Alice triangle remained a highly significant area for nationalist ideas and action, and this derived from the effects on the Xhosa of the Black–White confrontation which began here 150 years earlier. In the early part of the nineteenth century the fundamental competition for land and cattle led to White military and missionary actions which, coupled with the preaching of Christianity, promoted attitudes among the Xhosa which may be seen in all subsequent African Nationalism.

Pre-Understanding and New Testament Interpretation

1975 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Turner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Recent Discussion ◽  
Theological Hermeneutics ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Work Done

Almost all recent discussion in theological hermeneutics has been so abstract that it has had little relevance for the more practical task of the interpretation of biblical texts. This has largely been caused by the prominence in this discussion of proponents of ‘The New Hermeneutic’ who have had a predominantly existential interest in understanding the New Testament, but who represent only one of several alternatives in theological hermeneutics. Moreover, their exegesis has often been unreliable, to put it mildly.1 The chief deficiency of the New Hermeneutic is that it is concerned with the existential situation of the believing Christian, but hardly at all with the understanding and interpretation of texts. It is certainly true that theological hermeneutics can no longer provide a set of rules or principles for the extraction of the correct meaning from the text as was attempted in the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century, but hermeneutics can still analyse the process and structure of understanding which takes place in New Testament exegesis and can encourage self-reflection and self-criticism on the part of exegetes themselves. The task which now deserves attention, and which has for so long been neglected, is to relate the work done on the problem of hermeneutics by dogmatic theologians to the specific projects of interpretation carried out by New Testament exegetes. In this article I shall try to do just that by focusing attention on one particular problem.

Irish Crime Fiction

2020 ◽  
pp. 351-369
Author(s):  
Ian Campbell Ross
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Oscar Wilde ◽  
Crime Fiction ◽  
Irish Language ◽  
Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu ◽  
History Of

This chapter surveys the history of Irish crime fiction, a genre whose contemporary popularity tends to obscure its origins in the works of nineteenth-century writers including Gerald Griffin, Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, Oscar Wilde, and L. T. Meade. The discussion highlights some of the most significant works that lie along the broad spectrum of writing that ‘crime fiction’ occupies and, in so doing, reveals the plurality of ‘Irish’ crime fiction over the course of 180 years. Among the topics covered are the features that distinguish nineteenth-century Irish crime writing from its British counterpart; the emergence of Irish-language crime fiction in the early part of the twentieth century, and the defining features of contemporary Irish crime fiction, which has flourished domestically and internationally since the 1990s.

scholarly journals HOMENS DE DEUS: sacerdócio católico e masculinidades no Piauí no século XIX

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (29) ◽  
pp. 240-259
Author(s):  
PEDRO VILARINHO CASTELO BRANCO ◽  
ELISÂNGELA BARBOSA CARDOSO
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Daily Experiences ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Status ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
The Church

O artigo analisa as condições de vivência do sacerdócio no período Imperial brasileiro, na Província do Piauí. Percebemos os padres na dimensão das virilidades, como homens que tinham vivências cotidianas marcadas pelas condições existenciais no Piauí oitocentista. Desta forma, analisaremos as práticas cotidianas e os discursos com caráter prescritivo, que procuravam definir padrões aceitáveis para os clérigos. Na formatação do argumento, utilizamos livros de memória, relatos literários, obras historiográficas, jornais, ofícios e correspondências trocadas entre o Bispo do Maranhão e autoridades da Província do Piauí, documentos que dão conta de práticas, nem sempre canônicas, dos padres oitocentistas. Ao final, afirmamos que as possibilidades existenciais dos padres sofreram mudanças entre o meio do século XIX, período em que a Igreja gozava dostatusde religião oficial do Império, e o início do século XX, quando, livre da subordinação ao Estado, a Igreja Católica encontrava-se com a difícil tarefa de reinventar-se. Palavras-chave: Igreja Católica no Século XIX. Virilidades. Práticas de Sacerdotes. MEN OF GOD: Catholic priesthood and masculinities in Piauí in the nineteenth century Abstract: The article analyzes the conditions of priesthood living in the Brazilian Imperial period, in the Province of Piauí. We perceive the priest in the dimension of virilities, as men who had daily experiences marked by existential conditions in the nineteenth century in Piaui. In this way, we will analyze dailypractices and prescriptive discourse, which sought to define acceptable standards for clerics. In the formattingof the argument, we use memoirs,literary accounts, historiographical works, newspapers,official lettersand correspondences exchanged between the Bishop of Maranhão, and authorities of the Province of Piaui, documents that report on practices, not always canonical, of the nineteenth century priests. In the end, we affirm that the existential possibilities of the priest changed between the middle of the nineteenth century, when the church enjoyed the status of official religion of the Empire, and theearly twentieth century, when, free from subordination to the state, the Catholic Church had the difficult task of reinventing itself. Keywords: Catholic Church in the 19thcentury. Virilities. Priestly practices. HOMBRES DE DIOS: sacerdocio católico y masculinidades en Piauí en el siglo XIX Resumen: El artículo analiza las condiciones de vida del sacerdocio en el periodo imperial brasileño, en la provincia de Piauí. Percibimos los sacerdotes en la dimensión de las virilidades, como hombres que tuvieron experiencias cotidianas marcadas por condiciones existenciales en el siglo XIX Piauí. De esta forma analizaremos las prácticas diarias y los discursos prescriptivos, que intentaron definir estándares aceptables para los clérigos. En el formato del argumento, usamos libros de memoria, relatos literarios, trabajos historiográficos, periódicos, oficios y correspondencias intercambiadas entre el Obispo de Maranhão y las autoridades de la Provincia de Piauí, documentos que informan sobre las prácticas, no siempre canónicas, de los sacerdotes del siglo XIX. Al final, afirmamos que las posibilidades existenciales de los sacerdotes cambiaron entre mediados del siglo XIX, cuando la Iglesia disfrutó del estatus de religión oficial del Imperio, y principios del siglo XX, cuando, libre de subordinación al estado, la Iglesia Católica tuvo la difícil tarea de reinventarse. Palabras clave: Iglesia Católica en el Siglo XIX. La virilidad. Prácticas de Sacerdotes.

The Growth of the Law

2019 ◽  
pp. 661-702
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
American Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
Welfare Workers

This chapter discusses changes in American law in the twentieth century, covering welfare, workers’ compensation, tort law, civil rights, First Nations, Asian Americans, Hispanics, freedom of speech, and religion. One of the most striking developments in the twentieth century was the so-called liability explosion: the vast increase in liability in tort, mostly for personal injuries. The nineteenth century—particularly the early part—had built up the law of torts, almost from nothing; courts created a huge, complicated structure, a system with many rooms, chambers, corridors, but with an overall ethos of limited liability, and something of a tilt toward enterprise. The structure was wobbling a bit, by the end of the nineteenth century, and the twentieth century worked fairly diligently to tear the whole thing down. One of the first doctrines to go was the fellow-servant rule.

Portrait of a Nineteenth-Century Iranian Statesman: The Life and Times of Grand Vizier Amīn Ud-Dawlah, 1844–1904

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-351
Author(s):  
Hafez Farmayan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
British Government ◽  
The South ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
To Come ◽  
Temporary Control

In 1898, with Great Britain and Russia vying for political and economic dominance of Iran, Grand Vizier Mīrzā Alī Khān Amīn ud-Dawlah set in motion a cycle of events that, during the early part of the twentieth century, led to the downfall of the Qājārs, a dynasty he had spent his entire professional career serving. What initiated this cycle was the negotiation for a loan from Great Britain, sought partially for governmental expenses but mostly to finance a trip by the Shah to Europe. To obtain this loan, Amīn ud-Dawlah mortgaged the revenues of Iran's two most important customs houses in the south (Bushehr and Kermanshah), and also allowed those two departments to come under the control and administration of the British-owned Imperial Bank of Persia. In return for these astonishing concessions, the Bank advanced £50,000 to Grand Vizier Amin ud-Dawlah for emergency expenditures. The remainder, a mere £200,000, was to be paid upon completion of negotiations with the British Government. British bankers and diplomats in Tehran, aware of the sensitivity of the Grand Vizier's extraordinary decision, urged London to complete the negotiations as soon as possible. In the view of British representatives in Tehran this was imperative if temporary control of the customs houses was to become “a permanent institution.” However, negotiations dragged on long enough to give Russia and the Grand Vizier's rivals a chance to successfully frustrate the negotiations. Failure to obtain this British loan forced Grand Vizier Amīn ud-Dawlah to resign.

scholarly journals Краткий экскурс в раннюю историю изучения паремии как объекта этнолингвистики

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Анжелика Штейнгольд
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Early History ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
History Of

Как хорошо известно, пословицы и поговорки (в более общем смысле т. наз. паремии) являются не только художественными миниатюрами — анонимными произведениями устного народного творчества, употребление которых в речи диктуется потребностью в точности и выразительности, но также неписаным сводом этических норм и правил. Их назидательность и дидактичность во многом предопределяет существование особой “паремической” логики, на языковом уровне выражающейся в присущей пословицам и поговоркам специфической синтаксической оформленности. На поверхности лежит их семантическая многлоплановость, о чем в свое время писали А. Дандис [1978], А. Крикманн [1978; 1984], Ю.И. Левин [1984], Г.Л. Пермяков [1988] и др....Anzhelika ShteingoldOn the Early History of Proverb Studies (Proverb as an Object of Ethnolinguistics)It is often not clear what exactly is meant by certain words and constructions in a proverb, even though its actual (metaphorical) sense is understood. The origins of some historical proverbs might be grasped only by employing the data of cultural anthropology. In the present article a short overview of early proverb studies in Russia is given. In the nineteenth century and in the early part of the twentieth century there were many scholars in Russia who dealt with proverbs. For instance, I. Snegiryov, V. Dahl, F. Buslaev, A. Afanasyev, A. Potebnya, S. Maksimov. During the 1930’s this tradition was continued in the scientific papers of the academician J. Sokolov. Despite their methods of proverb studies not being contemporary, these researchers gave examples of etymology that would later receive support and approval from the scholars of our time.Keywords: Russian proverbs, ethnolinguistics, etymology, history of proverb studies.

scholarly journals Synagogue Architecture of Latvia between Archeology and Eschatology

Arts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey R. Kravtsov
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
New World ◽  
Baltic State ◽  
Jewish Hospital ◽  
American Jewish ◽  
Land Of Israel

Synagogue architecture during the second half of the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century was seeking novel modes of expression, and therefore the remains of ancient synagogues that were being discovered by western archeologists within the borders of the Biblical Land of Israel became a new source of inspiration. As far away as the New World, the design of contemporary synagogues was influenced by discoveries such as by the American Jewish architect, Arnold W. Brunner, who referenced the Baram Synagogue in the Galilee in his Henry S. Frank Memorial Synagogue at the Jewish Hospital in Philadelphia (1901). Less known is the fact that the archaeological discoveries in the Middle East also influenced the design of synagogues in the interwar period, in the newly-independent Baltic state of Latvia. Local architects picked up information about these archaeological finds from professional and popular editions published in German and Russian. Good examples are two synagogues along the Riga seaside, in Majori and Bulduri, and another in the inland town of Bauska. As was the case in America, the archaeological references in these Latvian examples were infused with eschatological meaning.

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