Making Mississippian

2020 ◽  
pp. 196-208
Author(s):  
Christina M. Friberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Culture Contact ◽  
Contact Dynamics ◽  
Illinois River ◽  
American Bottom ◽  
The North ◽  
Economic Control

This chapter synthesizes the patterns presented in the book to reconstruct what life was like for Audrey Mississippians. It discusses the implications of these findings for the limits of Cahokia’s economic control and political influence and the nature of culture contact dynamics north of the American Bottom. The Lower Illinois River Valley’s proximity to Cahokia did in fact result in more changes to social organization at Audrey than observed in the northern hinterland. Audrey inhabitants nevertheless maintained certain Woodland-era conventions and hybridized others, generating new Mississippian traditions in the process. Finally, a discussion of exotic materials north of Cahokia characterizes a spirit of exchange and interaction between and among these diverse regions that likely fueled the Mississippianization of the north.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Christina M. Friberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Culture Contact ◽  
Contact Dynamics ◽  
Illinois River ◽  
Indirect Interaction ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
American Bottom ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Economic Interactions

This chapter introduces the book with a discussion of culture contact dynamics and the need to investigate these questions in complex non-state societies. The spread of Cahokia’s influence through both direct and indirect interaction across the Midcontinent, had diverse outcomes in different regions. Mississippianization was a historical process whereby Woodland peoples had the agency to resist or participate in Cahokian practices and did so with reference to their own identities and traditions. Within this framework, the chapter lays out the following research questions: 1) did the Lower Illinois River Valley’s (LIRV) proximity to Cahokia enable certain social, political, and economic interactions with American Bottom groups that did not transpire with more distant groups; and 2) how did these interactions impact the social organization and daily practices of groups in the LIRV?

scholarly journals Contribution to a Knowledge of the North American Fresh-water Ostracoda Included in the Families Cytheridae and Cyprididae

1897 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-15) ◽  
pp. 415-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
North American ◽  
Illinois River ◽  
University Of Illinois ◽  
Master Of Science ◽  
Biological Station ◽  
The North ◽  
The University

The present paper has been prepared in the course of work at the University of Illinois for the degree of master of science in zoology. In addition to extensive collections of Entomostraca made at the Biological Station of the University of Illinois, situated at Havana, on the Illinois River, I have been able, through the kindness of Dr. S. A. Forbes, to examine all the accumulations in this group made by the Illinois State Laboratoryof Natural History during the last twenty years,and covering a territory little less than continental.

Family Clusters: Generational Nucleation in Nineteenth-Century Argentina and Chile

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Balmori ◽  
Robert Oppenheimer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Capital City ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Control ◽  
Broad Generalization ◽  
National Formation

This paper is derived from the authors' detailed studies of two groups of nineteenth-century families—eighteen families in Argentina and twenty-four in Chile. The studies revealed such remarkable similarities in the evolution of the two groups that it is possible to propose a broad generalization in respect to the social organization and national formation of both countries: there was, in each country, a three-generation sequence during which a number of families came together to form clusters that became the controlling entities of a region. Their base for political and economic control was either the existing capital city or a city that had been designated as the capital by these families.

A Critique of Some Recent North American Mortuary Studies

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 398-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Braun
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
North American ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Analyses ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Mortuary Studies ◽  
Burial Practices ◽  
Data Coding ◽  
Statistical Procedures ◽  
The North

Interpretations of prehistoric social organization based on multivariate statistical analyses of burial practices are becoming increasingly common in the North American archaeological literature. Unfortunately, these analyses and interpretations can incorporate weaknesses ranging from faulty data coding and the mis-application of statistical procedures to biases in the statistical and logical procedures employed. These problems are discussed in light of recent analyses (Tainter 1975a, 1975b, 1977a, 1977b, 1978) which use burial data from six Woodland sites in the riverine midwestern United States to develop a model of social change for the period A.D. 200-800. The results of these particular analyses are shown to be, at best, highly ambiguous and, at worst, contradictory to the proposed interpretations. This paper summarizes the weaknesses in these analyses, both to show the absence of support for the particular proposed interpretations and to illustrate how inappropriate methods can negate potentially useful mortuary research.

The Study of Culture Contact as a Practical Problem

Africa ◽  
1934 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Mair
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Culture Contact ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Social Anthropology ◽  
Standards Of Conduct ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
The One ◽  
British Colonies

The special branch of social anthropology which deals with peoples whose culture is undergoing rapid change as the result of contact with more highly developed societies is of interest from a number of different points of view. On the one hand there is the purely theoretic approach, which is concerned to discover rules governing this process—to find reasons for the assimilation of some elements of the alien culture and the rejection of others, or explanations of the fact that the dominant civilization has sometimes succeeded in imposing changes in social organization which analysis shows to be patently disadvantageous, while in other directions it may be powerless; perhaps to trace the basic human motives which come sharply into prominence when liberated by the breakdown of traditional standards of conduct and values. On the other hand this study has a severely and urgently practical importance. A recent American writer has suggested that in British colonies these problems are only considered relevant in their bearing on the maintenance of the labour supply. Such a view would appear to conflict with the fact that, as far as Africa is concerned, it is mainly in colonies governed under the system of Indirect Rule, where the economic policy is to encourage independent native production, that the study of social anthropology receives official encouragement. Actually it is being more and more clearly recognized by administrators directly concerned in moulding the development of the African peoples that this ‘sacred trust’ cannot be executed until the bases of a sound development are laid down; until it is known in each separate case how far the native social organization has been already rendered obsolete by changed conditions, how far it is capable of readjustment, what are the existing foundations on which the new institutions that the new needs require can be securely built. Experience is constantly bringing home to the man on the spot the need for some more practical criterion of policy than that inherent desirability of everything ‘civilized’, which the facts so plainly contradict.

The Making of Mississippian Tradition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M. Friberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Illinois River ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mississippian Tradition ◽  
Mississippian Culture ◽  
Diverse Groups ◽  
Ways Of Life

In this volume, Christina Friberg investigates the influence of Cahokia, the largest city of North America’s Mississippian culture between AD 1050 and 1350, on smaller communities throughout the midcontinent. Using evidence from recent excavations at the Audrey-North site in the Lower Illinois River Valley, Friberg examines the cultural give-and-take Audrey inhabitants experienced between new Cahokian customs and old Woodland ways of life. Comparing the architecture, pottery, and lithics uncovered here with data from thirty-five other sites across five different regions, Friberg reveals how the social, economic, and political influence of Cahokia shaped the ways Audrey inhabitants negotiated identities and made new traditions. Friberg’s broad interregional analysis also provides evidence that these diverse groups of people were engaged in a network of interaction and exchange outside Cahokia’s control. The Making of Mississippian Tradition offers a fascinating glimpse into the dynamics of cultural exchange in precolonial settlements, and its detailed reconstruction of Audrey society offers a new, more nuanced interpretation of how and why Mississippian lifeways developed.

Evaluating Cahokian Contact and Mississippian Identity Politics in the Late Prehistoric Central Illinois River Valley

2014 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana N. Bardolph
Keyword(s):  
Identity Politics ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Culture Contact ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Illinois River ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Mississippian Period ◽  
Illinois River Valley ◽  
Mississippian Culture ◽  
Central Illinois

AbstractThis paper employs a practice-based framework for investigating early Mississippian period culture contact and identity negotiation in the Central Illinois River Valley (CIRV) through the lens offoodways. The Evelandphase (A.D. 1100–1200) was a setting of significant cultural change as a result of the movement of Cahokian people, objects, and ideas into the region. Recent analysis of excavated materials from the Lamb site in the southern portion of the CIRV affords a closer look at this historical process. Using ceramic and pit feature data, I assess Cahokian influence on traditional Late Woodlandera culinary practices. I conclude that although local residents were actively adopting some aspects of Mississippian culture (including Cahokia potting traditions), they retained traditional Late Woodland organizational practices of cooking, serving, and storing food. By placing the organization offoodways at the center of this study, this paper illuminates another dimension of Cahokian contact in the region.

Some New Shrines of the Gold Coast and their Significance

Africa ◽  
1940 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Field
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Coastal Plains ◽  
The North ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphThere is reason to believe that at one time the greater part of the Gold Coast had one simple type of social organization. Where destruction of this took place the disturbing influences spread from the North southwards. On the coastal plains are some areas which, for various reasons, were barely touched. In these areas the aboriginal type of social organization is preserved, more or less intact, to-day.

The Influence of Kinship in the Social Organization of North East Brazilian Fishermen: A Contrast in Case-Studies

1974 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-313
Author(s):  
Simon Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
General Level ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Peasant Communities ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
Kinship Relations

At a general level this paper is concerned with the problem of anthropological interpretation of kinship and its significance in peasant communities. In specific terms I describe and discusss a striking difference in interpretation by two observers, Forman and myself, with regard to the form and significance of kinship relations in two communities on the North East Brazilian littoral. The disparity between our conclusions brings up basic questions of a methodological and epistemological kind in much the same way as do Red- field and Lewis's findings in Tepoztlan.

Omaha Terminologies

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-141
Author(s):  
Günther Schlee
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
New World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
The North ◽  
The Andes ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
North And South

Omaha kinship terminologies are distributed globally to the north and south of the belt of ancient “high cultures” which stretches from the Mediterranean Sea to East and Southeast Asia in the Old World and includes parts of Mesoamerica and the Andes in the New World. This article offers an explanation for this curious distribution of Omaha terminologies. In so doing, it reviews examples of Omaha terminologies in Central Asia and on the Horn of Africa, noting their defining characteristics and those other aspects of social organization with which they are associated. In conclusion, it is suggested that a continuum of lineage-based systems, including systems with Omaha terminologies, was split into two areas of concentration, one to the north and the other to the south, as ancient “high cultures,” based on intensive agricultural production, arose among them, reverting, in the process, to terminological systems with a cognatic bias like those of the Eskimo type that are associated with urbanization and statehood.

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