Counterfeit patronage: human values, counterfeit experience and construal level

Counterfeit-related studies have revealed motivational drives for counterfeit consumption. Little is known concerning the implications of consumers’ enduring and normative beliefs about proper standards of conduct as the determinants of counterfeit patronage. Drawing on the Schwartz theory of human values, experience literature and construal level theory, this research investigates counterfeit patronage by addressing three crucially important questions: (1) what personal values determine counterfeit patronage; (2) how do these relationships vary as a function of counterfeit experience and (3) how do values have power in eliminating counterfeit consumption? Two studies provide robust evidence that self-transcendence values mitigate counterfeit patronage when consumers’ counterfeit experience is low. We also demonstrate that consumers who endorse self-transcendence values more exhibit higher levels of construal, which results in reduced counterfeit patronage.

Right to Privacy and Rule of Law in India

The term “Privacy” is used frequently in ordinary language as well as in philosophical, political and legal discussions, yet there is no single definition or analysis or meaning of the term that is comprehensive to give the full idea of privacy. The concept of privacy has broad historical roots in sociological and anthropological discussions about how extensively it is valued and preserved in various cultures. One of the most cherished human rights is right to privacy. It is a fundamental human right, enshrined in numerous international human rights instruments. It is central to the protection of human dignity and forms the basis of any democratic society. In general parlance privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude them or information about themselves and thereby reveal them selectively. Privacy is sometimes related to anonymity, the wish to remain unnoticed or unidentified in the public realm. It is right to be let alone. It’s a negative right imposing negative duty on the rest of the world. In the context of India the position of law on right to privacy was clarified by Supreme Court in Justice K Puttaswamy v. Union of India, here court held that privacy is a constitutionally protected right which emerges, primarily, from Article 21 of the Constitution. However, this is not an absolute right but interference must meet the three fold requirement of (i) Legality; (ii) the need for a legitimate aim and (iii) proportionality. Mean to say that right to privacy shall be asserted and enjoyed in accordance with rule of law. We can define the society of law, or the rule of law, as an arrangement in which the individual is able to plan his own life by adhering to rules by which he will avoid all penalties enforced by law. Such a definition entails several assumptions. It assumes generality that rules lay down general standards of conduct for all citizens equally. It assumes that the rules will be stated with sufficient clarity, that there is little or no question what forms of behavior are permitted or prohibited by the rule. It assumes that the rules are coherent, that is, that there is an established hierarchy to determine which rules govern in cases of conflict and that there are not conflicts in the rules governing the same situations. It assumes that the rules are backed by authoritative enforcement, that there is governmental structure responsible for determining cases of conflict under the rules. In the present paper the author intends to explain the relation between Right to Privacy and Rule of Law. Further effort is made to explain how realization of right to privacy in India is difficult in the absence of certain basic aspects of rule of law in relation to right to privacy. Also it is emphsised that absence of certain aspects of rule of law vis-à-vis right to privacy strikes at constitutionalism.

ETHICAL CODES OF CONDUCT FOR THE DIGITAL ECONOMY ENTITIES: THE LEGAL ASPECT

Background.The use of IT tools in the business sphere requires special legal regulation, given the excellent mechanism of consolidation from areas where the figure is not yet used or its use is quite limited. An important tool of regulatory self-regulation are codes of ethics in the digital economy, which only take into account certain features of digital transformations and are a universal trend of modern development of legal regulation of the economy in Ukraine and the world. Analysis of recent research and publications. The analysis of types, the content of ethical codes in the field of digital economy is not paid enough attention, which actualizes the purpose of this scientific article. The aim of the study is to determine the features of codes of ethics in the digital economy. Materials and methods. During the study, both general scientific and special methods of cognition were used: dialectical, systemic, synergetic, formal-logical, generalization, functional, comparative jurisprudence. The information base of the study was national legislation, EU directives, works of domestic and foreign scientists, codes of conduct of international IT companies. Results. The following types of codes of ethics (codes of professional ethics) depending on the subject, the subjects of their development and adoption in the digital economy are identified: codes of ethics in a particular area of the digital economy; codes of ethics of a separate professional community; codes of ethics (codes of professional ethics) of an individual business entity. Codes of ethics in a particular area of the digital economy are a collection of rules and standards of conduct developed by a community, an association of different professions, in order to develop common principles and policies in a particular market. Codes of ethics of a particular professional community are a collection of rules and standards of conduct that are developed by a particular community on a professional basis and that operate in the digital economy. Codes of ethics (codes of professional ethics) of an individual business entity are internal organizational documents of a specific business entity, an element of its foreign and domestic policy, which sets out the rules of activity for the company’s citizens, limits of liability, etc. Conclusion. It has been established that the digital economy is primarily an area that has emerged through self-regulation, so the development of regulationin the digital economy should be linked to the ethics of using the tools of digital transformation. It has been found that the self-regulation of the digital economy takes into account the flexibility of various tools, including codes of ethics. It is established that the structure and content of codes of ethics (codes of professional ethics) of each company is different. The content of such codes usually includes global trends of modern business requirements: sustainable development policy, respect for human rights, corporate social responsibility, compliance with anti-corruption, tax laws, etc., and special, which reflect the individual obligations of a particular company. Keywords: digital economy, code of ethics, code of professional ethics, business entity, sustainable development, business and human rights, corporate social responsibility, artificial intelligence.

Etiquette and Tasks of Translators Working in the Political and Diplomatic Fields

The article is devoted to determining the correct behaviour, role and tasks of translators working in the political and diplomatic sphere The translator, according to scientists, plays an essential role in communication between people, the development of various scientifc felds from culture to diplomacy and communication This article focuses on the role of an interpreter in the political and diplomatic sphere A translator working in the diplomatic feld has several tasks, and following these tasks, he must comply with certain standards of conduct The article deals with the necessary moral and ethical standards of behaviour and the social and cultural task of the translator in this area This socio-cultural task is essential when communicating with local colleagues, the population, politicians and diplomats As for the social task, the translator contributes to the dissemination and development of social phenomena of one society in another and helps to bring together the views of different peoples by translating their literary and socio-cultural works and creating the necessary prerequisites for establishing political contacts The article focuses on the role of the translation profession in bilateral negotiations, interpretation, and the challenges that professional diplomatic translators face During their investigation, the authors used observation methods, generalisation, interpretation of results, and various articles written on this topic.

A questionnaire based institutional assessment of ‘knowledge’, ‘attitude’ and ‘practice’ about bio-ethics in clinical research among postgraduate residents

Background: Research ethics govern the standards of conduct for scientific researchers. Post graduate residents are one of the key stakeholders in clinical research. Therefore, the present study is designed to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about bio-ethics in clinical research among post-graduate residents.Methods: A self-administered pretested questionnaire was given to 40 students selected on the basis of convenience sampling. The questionnaire consists of questions related to knowledge and attitude toward principles and practice of bioethics in clinical research, informed consent, and role of the ethics committee in the institution. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the results.Results: 70% of the students have formally taken Hippocratic Oath. Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding Institutional Ethics Committee, and informed consent were more among final year students when compared to their juniors. Source of knowledge of bioethics were multiple. Department lectures were not a preferred mode of learning.Conclusions: There is an urgent need to include practical education of ethics to bridge the gap in the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding ethics in clinical practice and research.

EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS AND MECHANISMS FOR PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF MILITARY PERSONNEL

Through international treaties, human rights have reached the pinnacle of their legitimacy, being ratified by most countries. Respecting the human rights is the legal foundation for a democratic society in which the military has a defining role. In the comprehensive approach of the European institutions, protecting and promoting the human rights of military personnel are preconditions for regional unity, stability and security. The European documents provide an integrated understanding of the concept of rights and freedoms in relation to the special status of military personnel in society, representing regulated standards of conduct. Promoting the culture of respect for the fundamental values of human rights, both in the process of military education and training, as well as in exercising their specific tasks, represents an instrument for maintaining the order, discipline and morale of the military, ensuring the effectiveness of military actions and an overwhelming factor supporting the achievement of strategic objectives.

10. The Legislature: membership, privileges, and standards

This chapter explores the role and membership of Parliament’s two chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the operation of parliamentary privilege; and accountability of members. The key functions of Parliament include controlling national expenditure and taxation; sustaining the government; legislating and scrutinising government actions. The House of Commons is the pre-eminent chamber and dominates Parliament. The Commons’ membership consists of Members of Parliament (MPs) who are democratically elected by the public to represent their interests in Parliament. The membership of the House of Lords largely relies on patronage. Members of the Lords are appointed by the Queen on the Prime Minister’s advice. The House of Lords is an important revising and scrutinising chamber, and while it is subordinate to the democratically elected House of Commons, it is also a check on constitutional change by the Commons. The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 redefined the Lords’ legislative powers over public bills and established the Commons’ primacy. The chapter then considers the operation of parliamentary privilege. Parliament needs parliamentary privilege to conduct its core business effectively, independently, and without fear of outside interference, and to protect everything said or done in the transaction of parliamentary business. Indeed, Parliament is self-regulating and, as a sovereign body, operates outside the jurisdiction of the courts except for the criminal law. Each House has its own standards of conduct and disciplinary powers which ensure accountability.

Turismo e desenvolvimento sustentável. Uma avaliação exploratória das práticas hoteleiras no concelho de Bragança, Portugal

Sustainable tourism is one of the concerns of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which, although not recent, is gaining more strength and space in the discourses and policies about tourism. Thus the principles of sustainability have been incorporated into the behavior and procedures of the agents involved in the activity in order to mitigate the negative effects. The hotel sector, an active part in this process, is increasingly demanding a conscientious attitude, as well as the adoption of measures and standards of conduct that seek to reduce its socio-environmental impacts. This work proposes to evaluate sustainability practices in the environmental, economic and social dimensions, as well as their degree of applicability, by the hotel sector in the municipality of Bragança, northeast of Trás-os-Montes, from the data collected through a questionnaire survey to managers of all tourist accommodation units. An exploratory and descriptive statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical analysis program. The results revealed a moderate level of hotel sustainability, suggesting that the adoption of sustainable practices is still incipient and that much still remains to be done for the hotels in Bragança to contribute effectively to sustainable tourism. Although this work is restricted to a small territory it opens a window of opportunity to replicate this methodology, in other territories or even at national level, including a larger number of units as well as more specific and adapted indicators.

Pengaruh Perubahan Ekonomi Global Terhadap Perkembangan Hukum Di Indonesia

Various problems regarding the improvement of the Indonesian economy have arisen due to changes in the global economy. Economists recommend that economic cooperation with the international community be increased, especially with ASEAN countries. This is important to harmonize the development of the world economy with the economic development of ASEAN countries full of competition. There are also those who argue that Indonesia's economic development so far has not favored the people's economy, and it is also necessary to create a development strategy by involving the people more in various economic and trade fields. Conceptually, this article aims to find out: changes in the global economy in Indonesia, and the effect of global economic changes on legal developments in Indonesia. Using Lawrence M. Friedman's theory which states that the law is not autonomous, but on the contrary, the law is open at all times to outside influences, this research produces findings, with changes in the global economy, the law in Indonesia has changed functions, including 1) standards of conduct, 2) as a tool of social engineering, 3) as a tool of justification, 4) as a tool of control, 5) rechtszekerheid