scholarly journals Modeling of Subsurface Integrity Using Dar-Zarrouk Parameters: A Case Study of Ikekogbe UBE Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Bawallah Musa Adesola ◽  
Ilugbo Stephen Olubusola ◽  
Aigbedion Isaac ◽  
Aina Adebayo O. ◽  
Oyedele Akindele Akintunde
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Weak Zone ◽  
Current Electrode ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Edo State ◽  
Structural Failures ◽  
Dar Zarrouk Parameters

In this present study area, most building failures often start with minor/major cracks which widen over time, and it is often followed by post construction remedial measures which fail after sometime, thereby leading to total collapse and sinking of such buildings. The research was carried out in order to be able to unravel the causes of major cracks along the side of a major class room block at Ikekogbe, UBE Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria in less than five (5) years after it was constructed. The cracks were visible both at the front and at the back of the building along the same axis and almost at this same distance as it was at the front of the building. The investigation involved Electrical Resistivity method using three techniques; Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), 2-D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Horizontal Profiling (HP). The traverses were established along E-W directions and Eight (8) VES were carried out using Schlumberger array with current electrode spacing varying from 1 to 40 m, with 2-D ERT using Dipole-Dipole electrode array with inter-station separation of 5 m and an expansion factor that varied from 1 to 5 and HP using Wenner array with an electrode spacing of 5 m interval. The VES interpretation results were used to determine the second order parameters for modeling of subsurface integrity/competence. The 2 D imaging (Dipole-Dipole) gave information on the subsurface characteristic and the Wenner profile was characterised by low resistivity at the region of 30 to 45 m considered as the weak zone. Correlating the results with subsurface integrity model along traverses one and three, there was a high degree of correlation as this region coincides with the very low/low integrity/competence with the foundation of the classroom overlying this layers. The research revealed that the problem of structural failures/crack noticed along the building walls and axis was not as a result of human problem alone but mainly the existence of very low/low integrity/competence layers which contributed greatly to the cracks observed on the classroom block. These results reveal that the three Electrical resistivity techniques used for this study are complimentary to each other.

scholarly journals Evaluation of groundwater potentials of Orogun, South–South part of Nigeria using electrical resistivity method

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sixtus Nwachukwu ◽  
Rasaq Bello ◽  
Ayomide O. Balogun
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Electrical Anisotropy ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Survey ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Transverse Resistance ◽  
Hydrocarbon Sources ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Method ◽  
Dar Zarrouk Parameters

Abstract An investigation has been made of the groundwater potentials of Orogun Town, Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria, using electrical resistivity survey. This study motivated to determine electrical resistivity parameters of the area. The aim of this work is to use electrical resistivity method to explore the groundwater potentials of Orogun Town with the determination of its Dar Zarrouk parameters. A total of eight vertical electrical sounding (VES) were conducted with maximum electrode spacing of 150 m. The data were acquired using ABEM SAS 4000 Terrameter and processed using IPI2win and Interpex softwares. The groundwater potentials of the area are evaluated based on the longitudinal conductance (S), transverse resistance (T), coefficient of electrical anisotropy (λ), resistivity for the formation ($$\rho_{\text{m}}$$ρm), reflection coefficient (RC) and resistivity contrast (FC). The results reveal four subsurface geoelectric layers in seven of the eight VES while one VES revealed three subsurface geoelectric layers. Resistivity values for all the layers in the study area are very high, higher than what is expected in a sedimentary basin as we have in the study area. The resistivity values range from 8470 Ωm (layer 1, VES 7) to 118,030,000 Ωm (layer 3, VES 8). Depth to aquifer in the study area ranged from 1.61 m (VES 2) to 12.41 m (VES 1), while resistivity values of the aquifer ranged from 64,182 Ωm (VES 3) to 118,030,000 Ωm (VES 8). The results from the formation parameters evaluated showed that the area has good groundwater potential but might have been highly contaminated, especially from hydrocarbon sources and other man-made pollutants. The suggested contamination of the aquifer is as a result of the high values of resistivity of the aquifer layers.

Exploration for Marble Deposit in Parts of Okpella, South-Southern Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
K. O. Ozegin
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Clayey Sand ◽  
Current Electrode ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Survey ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Resistivity Survey ◽  
Surface Measurements ◽  
Electrical Sounding ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Method

The ultimate aim of the electrical resistivity survey is to determine the resistivity distribution with depth on the basis of surface measurements of the apparent resistivity and to interpret it in terms of geology. Marble deposit was investigated with the application of electrical resistivity method using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique with the aim of characterising this deposit in parts of Okpella. Six (6) VES were acquired using the Schlumberger array for data acquisition with current electrode spacing varying from 1.0 to 150.0 m. The VES data obtained were interpreted using ipi2win Software. The results showed three layers indicating subsurface geologic sequence probed 26.4 m and beyond with clay/clayey sand (23.3 – 219.1 Ωm), sand (423 - 2040 Ωm) and marble (12661 - 404498 Ωm). The occurrence of marble deposit was revealed at VES points at 1, 2 and 5 in the studied area.  This study concluded that the study area had occurrence of the marble deposits, which would be of economic importance, if exploited.

scholarly journals Electrical Resistivity and Geotechnical Attributes and The Dynamics of Foundation Vulnerability

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-97
Author(s):  
Musa Adesola Bawallah ◽  
Stephen Olubusola Ilugbo ◽  
Kesyton Oyamenda Ozegin ◽  
Babatunde A Adebo ◽  
Isaac Aigbedion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Sedimentary Environment ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Current Electrode ◽  
Lateral Extent ◽  
Indispensable Tool ◽  
Depth Of Investigation

This research evaluates the significance of geotechnical and Electrical Resistivity methods in studying structural integrity as fundamental factors that may account for failure in a typical sedimentary environment of Ukpenu Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. Two methods were used in this study such as the Electrical Resistivity approach involving the use of Lateral Horizontal Profiling (LHP), 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) techniques. While geotechnical method involved the collection of soil samples from the study locations for the characterization of the soil properties that are very vital to foundation studies. Nine VES were carried out using Schlumberger array with current electrode spacing varying from 1 to 40 m, with 2-D ERT using Dipole-Dipole electrode array with inter-station separation of 5 m and an expansion factor varied from 1 to 5 while LHP involve Wenner array with an electrode spacing of 5 m interval and was used to determine the vulnerability factors for the building sustainability. The VES interpretation results were used to determine the second-order parameters for the determination of vulnerability. The results obtained from the two methods review that both are very fundamental to foundation dynamics. However, electrical attributes were found to give better information in terms of depth, lateral extent, layer stratification, and nature of materials which make it an indispensable tool over geotechnical attributes whose depth of investigation is up to a maximum of 5 m which poses great limitation in the evaluation of structural integrity, against stress, and strain occasion by geodynamic activities that often result into fracture, crack, highly weathered formation that usually goes beyond the shallow depth of investigation. Therefore, it can be stated that resistivity attributes account for 90% of the major contributing factors that affect foundation vulnerability.

scholarly journals Geo-electrical investigation of the groundwater potential of Ogidi and environs, Anambra State, South-eastern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1053-1067
Author(s):  
C. C. Onyekwelu ◽  
C. N. Onwubuariri ◽  
T. I. Mgbeojedo ◽  
L. S. Al-Naimi ◽  
B. I. Ijeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Current Electrode ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Electrical Investigation ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Maximum Current ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Method ◽  
Water Saturated

AbstractThe electrical resistivity method was used to determine the groundwater potential of Ogidi and its environs. Thirteen soundings were carried out at thirteen different locations using the ABEM terrameter (SAS 1000), and adopting the Schlumberger configuration with maximum current electrode spacing of 1000 m. The lithologic logs for the boreholes were used to delineate the geologic sections. The results revealed six to nine geo-electric layers comprising laterite, clayey sandstone, sandstone, water-saturated sandstone and shale. The water-saturated sandstone forms the aquiferous unit. This unit was found to have resistivity values ranging from 363Ωm to 9107Ωm. It is deeply seated in some areas with a depth of 33.2–103 m. It was observed that the hydraulic conductivity varies between 0.001 and 0.066 m/day, while the transmissivity values vary between 0.01 and 4.7 m2/day. Among all the VES points studied, it was observed that VES 1 has the highest transmissivity value and the highest aquifer thickness. In view of the foregoing, it is expected that water will flow more from aquifer in VES 1 since groundwater flow from an aquifer is directly proportional to transmissivity.

Geophysical Survey as a Surface Tool in Groundwater Exploration in Delta North District, Nigeria

2011 ◽  
Vol 367 ◽  
pp. 795-800
Author(s):  
F.O. Ezomo ◽  
C.N. Akujieze
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Groundwater Exploration ◽  
Geophysical Survey ◽  
Vertical Electrical Sounding ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Current Electrode ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Electrical Sounding

Geophysical survey based on electrical resistivity method employing the techniques of vertical electrical sounding (VES) was carried out in order to investigate Groundwater existence in Delta North District, of Nigeria. This research work became necessary in order to solve the problem of acute water shortage in the area by way of prospecting or searching for additional aquifers which would subsidize the existing one, domestically, industrially and agriculturally. Ten (10) vertical electrical sounding (VES) (uniformly distributed) tests were conducted in the area and its environs using “Schlumberger” electrode array. The VES were carried out with half current electrode spacing with the spread Im-928m at six (06) points per decade. The results of the interpretation identified wet sand/clean sand as perched aquifer which can deliver ground water to the bore-hole at perceptible rates between depths of 85m to 145m below sea level. The resistivity of the aquifer detected varied from 95.0 ohm-m to 110,000 ohm-m while the thickness ranged from 30.0m to 105.0m.

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD APPLIED TO STUDY GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION AROUND THE ALAGOINHAS CEMETERY, BAHIA, BRAZIL

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo M.S. Amarante ◽  
Olivar A.L. de Lima ◽  
Susana S. Cavalcanti
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Groundwater Contamination ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Hydrological Conditions ◽  
Vertical Electrical Soundings ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Electrical Soundings ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Method

ABSTRACT. To investigate the subsurface geological and hydrological conditions around the area of the Alagoinhas county cemetery – Bahia State, Brazil, 38 vertical electrical soundings using Schlumberger electrode array were performed to a maximum AB/2 spacing... RESUMO. Para investigar as condições geológicas e hidrológicas da subsuperfície na área do entorno do Cemitério Municipal de Alagoinhas, Bahia, foram realizadas 38 sondagens elétricas verticais centradas em pontos acessíveis da área. As sondagens foram...

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIALS IN IMAKUN OMI COMMUNITY USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Joseph Olakunle Coker ◽  
Akindamola Julius Agbelemoge ◽  
Stephen Oluwafemi Ariyo ◽  
Victor Makinde ◽  
Aderemi Amidu Alabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Current Electrode ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Maximum Current ◽  
Electrical Soundings ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Method

Groundwater is described as the water found beneath the surface of the earth in underground streams and aquifers and has become popular as a source of drinking potable water in Nigeria due to its quality when compared to other water sources. The Electrical resistivity method was employed in Imakun Omi Community, a coastal town in Ogun Waterside Local government area of  Ogun State with the aim of determining the groundwater potential of the area. A total of twenty (20) Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) points were carried out in the area using the Schlumberger configuration with maximum current electrode separation (AB) of 300m using the ABEM SAS 1000 Terrameter. The results obtained were interpreted quantitatively and qualitatively using partial curve matching and computer iteration programs WINRESIST and SURFER 11 for the interpretation from which the reflection coefficient was computed. The groundwater potential of the rock units were evaluated and  40% of the stations show  high yield, 50% of the stations show medium yield and 10% of the stations was observed to have low yield. The aquifer thicknesses are very thick with values ranging from 6.9 m to 79.3 m, hence an average of 43.1mand overburden thicknesses ranging from 9.7m to 96.5 m, with an average of 53.1m

scholarly journals Fractional Current Flow in the Subsurface Using Electrical Resistivity Method: A Laboratory Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Adeyemo Adegoke ◽  
Gideon Oluyinka Layade ◽  
Temitayo Kadir
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Curve Matching ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Method ◽  
Matching Techniques ◽  
Schlumberger Array ◽  
Effective Penetration

Abstract The authors describe electrical resistivity method using a laboratory experiment, which was conducted in order to calculate the percentage of current that penetrated each layer of soil arranged in a container using Schlumberger array. Four soil samples arranged in three different set-ups were used. The apparent resistivity obtained was interpreted using curve matching techniques and WinResist iteration yielding types A curve, H curve and A curve, respectively. The interpreted data gave the resistivity of each layer and its thicknesses. The thicknesses obtained from the interpretation were at variance with the actual thicknesses arranged in the container. A multiplier was obtained which serves as a constant in other to obtain the actual thickness. The effective penetration depth of current was determined through the calculated thickness of each layer and the known electrode spacing (AB). The percentage of current that penetrates the layers was found to depend on the electrode spacing as well as the thickness of that layer. Thus, a layer with relatively small thickness has a small percentage of current passing through it compared to a thicker layer.

scholarly journals ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD APPLIED TO STUDY GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION AROUND THE ALAGOINHAS CEMETERY, BAHIA, BRAZIL

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 489
Author(s):  
Eduardo M.S. Amarante ◽  
Olivar A.L. de Lima ◽  
Susana S. Cavalcanti
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Static Water ◽  
Least Square Fit ◽  
Subsurface Zones ◽  
Geological Constraints

ABSTRACT. To investigate the subsurface geological and hydrological conditions around the area of the Alagoinhas county cemetery – Bahia State, Brazil, 38 vertical electrical soundings using Schlumberger electrode array were performed to a maximum AB/2 spacing of 300 m. The electrical resistivity data were automatically inverted by computer, using a least square fit criterion to the error of the model with respect to the observed data and the help of public domain softwares RESIST V1.0 and RES1D. Geological constraints of lithological well logs were used to control the data interpretation, by fixing the number of layers and an initial model suggested by the interpreter. Represented as maps, sounding curves and geoelectrical cross-sections, the results allow: (i) to map the static water table depth, which in the more plain areas, are around 27m depth; (ii) to suggest that the subsurface zones of low true resistivity (<300Ω.m) are contamination plumes above the aquifer top, whose sources are related to the cemetery; and (iii) to detect electrical heterogeneities in the aquifer vadose zone, indicatives of the travel of the invading contamination.Keywords: electrical methods, resistivity, Alagoinhas, water contamination.RESUMO. Para investigar as condições geológicas e hidrológicas da subsuperfície na área do entorno do Cemitério Municipal de Alagoinhas, Bahia, foram realizadas 38 sondagens elétricas verticais centradas em pontos acessíveis da área. As sondagens foram executadas usando o arranjo Schlumberger de eletrodos, até espaçamentos máximos de eletrodos de corrente AB/2 de 300 m. Os dados de resistividade elétrica foram invertidos automaticamente em computador usando critérios de ajuste de mínimos quadrados para o erro domodelo comrespeito aos dados observados, usando os programas de domínio público RESIST V1.0 e RES1D. Informações geológicas de poços foram usadas no controle da interpretação, efetuada com o envolvimento do intérprete através da fixação do número de camadas e de um modelo inicial para a inversão. Apresentados na forma de mapas, curvas de sondagens e seções geoelétricas transversais, os resultados permitiram: (i) mapear o nível estático da água subterrânea que, nas partes mais planas da área, situa-se em torno de 27m de profundidade; (ii) indicar que as zonas subsuperficiais de baixas resistividades verdadeiras (<300 Ω.m) são plumas de contaminação na parte superior do aquífero, cuja fonte é associada ao cemitério; e (iii) detectar heterogeneidades elétricas na zona vadosa do aquífero apontando feições indicativas de rotas de invasão do contaminante.Palavras-chave: métodos elétricos, resistividade, Alagoinhas, contaminação da água.

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