Exploration for Marble Deposit in Parts of Okpella, South-Southern Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
K. O. Ozegin
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Clayey Sand ◽  
Current Electrode ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Survey ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Resistivity Survey ◽  
Surface Measurements ◽  
Electrical Sounding ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Method

The ultimate aim of the electrical resistivity survey is to determine the resistivity distribution with depth on the basis of surface measurements of the apparent resistivity and to interpret it in terms of geology. Marble deposit was investigated with the application of electrical resistivity method using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique with the aim of characterising this deposit in parts of Okpella. Six (6) VES were acquired using the Schlumberger array for data acquisition with current electrode spacing varying from 1.0 to 150.0 m. The VES data obtained were interpreted using ipi2win Software. The results showed three layers indicating subsurface geologic sequence probed 26.4 m and beyond with clay/clayey sand (23.3 – 219.1 Ωm), sand (423 - 2040 Ωm) and marble (12661 - 404498 Ωm). The occurrence of marble deposit was revealed at VES points at 1, 2 and 5 in the studied area.  This study concluded that the study area had occurrence of the marble deposits, which would be of economic importance, if exploited.

scholarly journals Evaluation of groundwater potentials of Orogun, South–South part of Nigeria using electrical resistivity method

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sixtus Nwachukwu ◽  
Rasaq Bello ◽  
Ayomide O. Balogun
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Electrical Anisotropy ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Survey ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Transverse Resistance ◽  
Hydrocarbon Sources ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Method ◽  
Dar Zarrouk Parameters

Abstract An investigation has been made of the groundwater potentials of Orogun Town, Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria, using electrical resistivity survey. This study motivated to determine electrical resistivity parameters of the area. The aim of this work is to use electrical resistivity method to explore the groundwater potentials of Orogun Town with the determination of its Dar Zarrouk parameters. A total of eight vertical electrical sounding (VES) were conducted with maximum electrode spacing of 150 m. The data were acquired using ABEM SAS 4000 Terrameter and processed using IPI2win and Interpex softwares. The groundwater potentials of the area are evaluated based on the longitudinal conductance (S), transverse resistance (T), coefficient of electrical anisotropy (λ), resistivity for the formation ($$\rho_{\text{m}}$$ρm), reflection coefficient (RC) and resistivity contrast (FC). The results reveal four subsurface geoelectric layers in seven of the eight VES while one VES revealed three subsurface geoelectric layers. Resistivity values for all the layers in the study area are very high, higher than what is expected in a sedimentary basin as we have in the study area. The resistivity values range from 8470 Ωm (layer 1, VES 7) to 118,030,000 Ωm (layer 3, VES 8). Depth to aquifer in the study area ranged from 1.61 m (VES 2) to 12.41 m (VES 1), while resistivity values of the aquifer ranged from 64,182 Ωm (VES 3) to 118,030,000 Ωm (VES 8). The results from the formation parameters evaluated showed that the area has good groundwater potential but might have been highly contaminated, especially from hydrocarbon sources and other man-made pollutants. The suggested contamination of the aquifer is as a result of the high values of resistivity of the aquifer layers.

scholarly journals Geo-electrical investigation of the groundwater potential of Ogidi and environs, Anambra State, South-eastern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1053-1067
Author(s):  
C. C. Onyekwelu ◽  
C. N. Onwubuariri ◽  
T. I. Mgbeojedo ◽  
L. S. Al-Naimi ◽  
B. I. Ijeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Current Electrode ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Electrical Investigation ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Maximum Current ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Method ◽  
Water Saturated

AbstractThe electrical resistivity method was used to determine the groundwater potential of Ogidi and its environs. Thirteen soundings were carried out at thirteen different locations using the ABEM terrameter (SAS 1000), and adopting the Schlumberger configuration with maximum current electrode spacing of 1000 m. The lithologic logs for the boreholes were used to delineate the geologic sections. The results revealed six to nine geo-electric layers comprising laterite, clayey sandstone, sandstone, water-saturated sandstone and shale. The water-saturated sandstone forms the aquiferous unit. This unit was found to have resistivity values ranging from 363Ωm to 9107Ωm. It is deeply seated in some areas with a depth of 33.2–103 m. It was observed that the hydraulic conductivity varies between 0.001 and 0.066 m/day, while the transmissivity values vary between 0.01 and 4.7 m2/day. Among all the VES points studied, it was observed that VES 1 has the highest transmissivity value and the highest aquifer thickness. In view of the foregoing, it is expected that water will flow more from aquifer in VES 1 since groundwater flow from an aquifer is directly proportional to transmissivity.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIALS IN IMAKUN OMI COMMUNITY USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Joseph Olakunle Coker ◽  
Akindamola Julius Agbelemoge ◽  
Stephen Oluwafemi Ariyo ◽  
Victor Makinde ◽  
Aderemi Amidu Alabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Current Electrode ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Maximum Current ◽  
Electrical Soundings ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Method

Groundwater is described as the water found beneath the surface of the earth in underground streams and aquifers and has become popular as a source of drinking potable water in Nigeria due to its quality when compared to other water sources. The Electrical resistivity method was employed in Imakun Omi Community, a coastal town in Ogun Waterside Local government area of  Ogun State with the aim of determining the groundwater potential of the area. A total of twenty (20) Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) points were carried out in the area using the Schlumberger configuration with maximum current electrode separation (AB) of 300m using the ABEM SAS 1000 Terrameter. The results obtained were interpreted quantitatively and qualitatively using partial curve matching and computer iteration programs WINRESIST and SURFER 11 for the interpretation from which the reflection coefficient was computed. The groundwater potential of the rock units were evaluated and  40% of the stations show  high yield, 50% of the stations show medium yield and 10% of the stations was observed to have low yield. The aquifer thicknesses are very thick with values ranging from 6.9 m to 79.3 m, hence an average of 43.1mand overburden thicknesses ranging from 9.7m to 96.5 m, with an average of 53.1m

scholarly journals On the Use of Electrical Resistivity Method in Mapping Potential Sources and Extent of Pollution of Groundwater Systems in Lapai Town, Niger State, Nigeria.

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Matthew Tersoo Tsepav ◽  
Aliyu Yahaya Badeggi ◽  
Obaje Nuhu George ◽  
Usman Yusuf Tanko ◽  
Ibrahim Samuel Ibbi
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Unconfined Aquifers ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Electrical Sounding ◽  
Groundwater Systems ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Method ◽  
Resistivity Meter ◽  
Confined And Unconfined Aquifers

<p>Electrical resistivity method employing the Schlumberger array was used to occupy forty four (44) vertical electrical sounding points in Lapai town with the aim of determining the depth to aquifers, aquifer thicknesses and aquifer protective capacity. The G41 Geotron resistivity meter was used in obtaining the apparent resistivity data which was processed using Interpex 1XD resistivity interpretation software. The results revealed four lithologic sections which include top lateritic soil, sandy clay, fractured basement and fresh basement. Both confined and unconfined aquifers were identified within the area, with four classes of aquifer proactive capacities as high, moderate, weak and poor. While the aquifer at VES 20 was highly protected, twenty other aquifers were moderately protected, eight others had weak protection and fifteen aquifers were poorly protected. The aquifers were generally of good thicknesses and at varying reasonable depths, making them good reservoirs of water in appreciable quantity. The average aquifer thickness was estimated to be 48.36m while the average depth to aquifers was estimated to be 56.68m.</p>

scholarly journals An Investigation of Groundwater Contamination around Nsukka Municipality Dumpsite using the Resistivity Method

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olisah Nzemeka
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Groundwater Contamination ◽  
Low Resistivity ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Survey ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Electrical Sounding ◽  
On Line ◽  
2D Resistivity Imaging ◽  
Resistivity Meter ◽  
2D Resistivity

An investigation using electrical resistivity method was conducted around a solid waste dumpsite at Nsukka in Nsukka L.G.A of Enugu State, Nigeria to investigate the level of groundwater contamination. Electrical Sounding (VES) and 2D resistivity imaging were used with a digital read out resistivity meter (ABEM SAS 1000) to acquire data in the area. A total of eight (8) sounding and six (6) 2D resistivity imagings were carried out in the area. A contaminant leachate plume was delineated in 2D resistivity sections as low resistivity zones while the VES shows the depth of aquifer. In 2D pseudosections where bluish colours with low resistivities (less than 20.80Ωm) with the depth ranging from 1.28m to 17.1m in the Line 1 and 2 are seen as contaminated zones. The rest of the lines are not contaminated because of their high resistivities (greater than 20.80Ωm). The result of the electrical resistivity survey also showed 4 - 5 layers geo-electric sections and an AA and AK type sounding curves. The VES result shows that VES 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B which are carried out on line 1 & 2 of the wenner lines showed signs of contamination with low resistivity values less than 20.80Ωm complementing the wenner results. The contamination has not yet got to where the aquifer is located on the lines. Since the depth to the aquifer ranges from 30.26m to 155.43m while maximum depth of contamination is 17.1m. It is believed that the leachate has not percolated down to the aquiferous zones as such aquifers are presumed to be free.

scholarly journals Modeling of Subsurface Integrity Using Dar-Zarrouk Parameters: A Case Study of Ikekogbe UBE Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Bawallah Musa Adesola ◽  
Ilugbo Stephen Olubusola ◽  
Aigbedion Isaac ◽  
Aina Adebayo O. ◽  
Oyedele Akindele Akintunde
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Weak Zone ◽  
Current Electrode ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Edo State ◽  
Structural Failures ◽  
Dar Zarrouk Parameters

In this present study area, most building failures often start with minor/major cracks which widen over time, and it is often followed by post construction remedial measures which fail after sometime, thereby leading to total collapse and sinking of such buildings. The research was carried out in order to be able to unravel the causes of major cracks along the side of a major class room block at Ikekogbe, UBE Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria in less than five (5) years after it was constructed. The cracks were visible both at the front and at the back of the building along the same axis and almost at this same distance as it was at the front of the building. The investigation involved Electrical Resistivity method using three techniques; Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), 2-D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Horizontal Profiling (HP). The traverses were established along E-W directions and Eight (8) VES were carried out using Schlumberger array with current electrode spacing varying from 1 to 40 m, with 2-D ERT using Dipole-Dipole electrode array with inter-station separation of 5 m and an expansion factor that varied from 1 to 5 and HP using Wenner array with an electrode spacing of 5 m interval. The VES interpretation results were used to determine the second order parameters for modeling of subsurface integrity/competence. The 2 D imaging (Dipole-Dipole) gave information on the subsurface characteristic and the Wenner profile was characterised by low resistivity at the region of 30 to 45 m considered as the weak zone. Correlating the results with subsurface integrity model along traverses one and three, there was a high degree of correlation as this region coincides with the very low/low integrity/competence with the foundation of the classroom overlying this layers. The research revealed that the problem of structural failures/crack noticed along the building walls and axis was not as a result of human problem alone but mainly the existence of very low/low integrity/competence layers which contributed greatly to the cracks observed on the classroom block. These results reveal that the three Electrical resistivity techniques used for this study are complimentary to each other.

scholarly journals Fractional Current Flow in the Subsurface Using Electrical Resistivity Method: A Laboratory Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Adeyemo Adegoke ◽  
Gideon Oluyinka Layade ◽  
Temitayo Kadir
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Curve Matching ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Method ◽  
Matching Techniques ◽  
Schlumberger Array ◽  
Effective Penetration

Abstract The authors describe electrical resistivity method using a laboratory experiment, which was conducted in order to calculate the percentage of current that penetrated each layer of soil arranged in a container using Schlumberger array. Four soil samples arranged in three different set-ups were used. The apparent resistivity obtained was interpreted using curve matching techniques and WinResist iteration yielding types A curve, H curve and A curve, respectively. The interpreted data gave the resistivity of each layer and its thicknesses. The thicknesses obtained from the interpretation were at variance with the actual thicknesses arranged in the container. A multiplier was obtained which serves as a constant in other to obtain the actual thickness. The effective penetration depth of current was determined through the calculated thickness of each layer and the known electrode spacing (AB). The percentage of current that penetrates the layers was found to depend on the electrode spacing as well as the thickness of that layer. Thus, a layer with relatively small thickness has a small percentage of current passing through it compared to a thicker layer.

Electrical-resistivity characterization of an industrial site using long electrodes

Geophysics ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. WA95-WA104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale F. Rucker ◽  
Meng H. Loke ◽  
Marc T. Levitt ◽  
Gillian E. Noonan
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Low Resistivity ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Survey ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Tank Farm ◽  
Resistivity Survey ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Linear Conductor

An electrical-resistivity survey was completed at the T tank farm at the Hanford nuclear site in Washington State, U.S.A. The purpose of the survey was to define the lateral extent of waste plumes in the vadose zone in and around the tank farm. The T tank farm consists of single-shell tanks that historically have leaked and many liquid-waste-disposal facilities that provide a good target for resistivity mapping. Given that the site is highly industrialized with near-surface metallic infrastructure that potentially could mask any interpretable waste plume, it was necessary to use the many wells around the site as long electrodes. To accommodate the long electrodes and to simulate the effects of a linear conductor, the resistivity inversion code was modified to assign low-resistivity values to the well’s location. The forward model within the resistivity code was benchmarked for accuracy against an analytic solution, and the inverse model was tested for its ability to recreate images of a hypothetical target. The results of the tank-farm field survey showed large, low-resistivity targets beneath the disposal areas that coincided with the conceptual hydrogeologic models developed regarding the releases. Additionally, in areas of minimal infrastructure, the long-electrode method matched the lateral footprint of a 3D surface-resistivity survey with reasonable fidelity. Based on these results, the long-electrode resistivity method may provide a new strategy for environmental characterization at highly industrialized sites, provided a sufficient number and density of wells exist.

scholarly journals A Resistivity Survey of Phosphate Nodules in Oshoshun, Southwestern Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluseun Adetola Sanuade ◽  
Abayomi Adesola Olaojo ◽  
Adesoji Olumayowa Akanji ◽  
Michael Adeyinka Oladunjoye ◽  
Gabriel E. Omolaiye
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Apparent Resistivity ◽  
Inversion Algorithm ◽  
Clayey Sand ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Resistivity Data ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Dahomey Basin ◽  
Geophysical Study ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Method

Abstract This geophysical study was carried out to determine the occurrence of phosphate nodules in the Oshoshun Formation of the Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria. The electrical resistivity method, comprising 1D vertical electrical sounding (VES; using Schlumberger array) and 2D geoelectrical imaging (using Wenner array), was used to determine the nature and depth of occurrence of the phosphate nodules. Six profile lines were established within the study area, and inverted sections were generated from the apparent resistivity data using DIPRO inversion algorithm. Five VES points were also acquired in the study area, and Win- Resist programme was used to process and interpret the field resistivity data. Four pits were dug along the profiles to verify the interpreted results. The results obtained by both techniques reveal similar geoelectric units: the top soil, clay, clayey sand and clay at different depths. These layers host pockets of phosphate nodules (78-≥651 Ωm) with varying thicknesses. The strong correlation between the lithology profiles obtained from the pits and the interpreted results of the inverted apparent resistivity sections demonstrates the efficacy of the electrical resistivity method in characterising phosphate occurrence within the formation.

MAPPING GILSONITE VEINS WITH THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD

Geophysics ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter W. Hays ◽  
Otto W. Nuttli ◽  
Leroy Scharon
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Apparent Resistivity ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Electrode Configuration ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Uinta Basin ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Method

Gish‐Rooney type electrical resistivity equipment was employed to map the location and structural attitude of gilsonite veins in the Uinta Basin, southeast of Vernal, Utah. Horizontal profiles at right angles to the strike of the dike‐like gilsonite veins were made using the Wenner electrode configuration. Very sharp anomalies with a peak apparent resistivity value of the order of 20,000–25,000 ohm‐cm were observed. The peak values were measured over the center of the vein, but smaller auxiliary highs were also observed, symmetrically spaced on each side of the vein. The position of the auxiliary high varied as a function of the electrode spacing and was found to occur when the current stake was located in the gilsonite. The observed field profiles were compared with various theoretical profiles computed from theoretical apparent resistivity expressions derived through the use of images. The best correlation was obtained when the theoretical model was assumed to have an infinite resistivity relative to that of the surrounding material. This correlation supports the conclusion that the gilsonite veins, because of their extremely large resistivity and their vertical attitude, act as a vertical insulating sheet to the flow of electrical current in the ground.

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