Emergence of Socio-economic Geography and Spatial Management as a Scientific Discipline in the New Classification of Science in Poland1

The aim of the article is to present the chronology of activities that led to the emergence of the discipline ‘socio-economic geography and spatial management’ in the new classification of science in Poland which has been in force since 2018. The path of emergence of the discussed discipline is analysed from the standpoint of one of the participants of this process. The article also presents positive and negative consequences of implementing this classification in the context of two different structural models of geography as a science. Among positive consequences one can mention (1) preservation of the name ‘geography’ on the list of scientific disciplines, and (2) a favourable formal and legal ‘empowerment’ of socio-economic geography in the system of the organisation and evaluation of science in Poland. Among the greatest threats one can see (1) a reduction in the importance of socio-economic geography in favour of spatial management, and (2) the organisational disintegration of some geographical communities, institutions and research units. However, there are also attempts at the reintegration of geography around two of its basic segments, i.e. physical geography and human geography. In the author's opinion, future activities should focus on the means to strengthen realistically (and not only declaratively) the position of the new discipline and its constituent subdisciplines against other scientific disciplines.

MODEL PEMBERDAYAAN HUKUM PEMBUDI DAYA IKAN MELALUI PENDEKATAN PENGEMBANGAN MODEL TRIPLE HELIX (STUDI DI KABUPATEN GRESIK)

The real contribution of fish farmer in the development of the national economy through the amount of fisheries production is not followed by the level of welfare of the fish farmer. That the welfare of fish farmers to be able to fulfill their needs with the income they obtain is still very limited. This article aims to analyze the legal empowerment model of fish farmer through the triple helix model development approach. This research is a sociolegal research which is a mixed method between legal research methods and social science. The data used are primary data and secondary data. The results showed that normatively, the role provisions of the government and fish breeders have been clearly regulated, but the provisions for tertiary institutions have not been regulated, even though the role played by universities is no less important. Higher education as one of the elements in the triple helix has human resources who are able to provide knowledge and understanding related to production sharing agreements through legal assistance and mentoring workshops. The government is responsible for the welfare of its citizens, not only acting as a regulator, but also as a facilitator, dynamist and catalyst. Keywords : Legal Empowerment, Fish Farmer,Triple Helix

Filipino Gurus� Perspectives on Philippine Teacher Protection Act and Their Reflections on Student Discipline and Its Present-Day Implementation

When Child Protection Policy (CPP) has been implemented, many teachers strive to maintain discipline and execute the curriculum through instruction. In the worst circumstances, lawsuits related to student discipline and classroom management have been filed against teachers. With this, the Philippine Congress created the bill Teacher Protection Act (TPA) primarily authored by Antonio L. Tinio, France L. Castro, and Ramon H. Durano VI. This act protects the teachers from students of bad behavior, abusing the legal empowerment from CPP. This shift leads to the conduct of this study. This phenomenological study aims to give insights about the bill (the phenomenon) and to gauge how the teacher participants perceive it (the perception). An interview is conducted among five (5) tenured teacher participants. They are asked to assess the house bill content and its future implications to provide insights to the teachers, other stakeholders, and the lawmakers. The investigation identifies that: (a) CPP is a hindrance to student discipline; (b) TPA must be immediately implemented; (c) the act is perceived to be a protection, but must be improved; (d) there are no clear guidelines to implement the act so far; (e) legal assistance in cases related to student discipline and classroom management is one of the best features of the act; (f) equality between students and teachers are perceived to be significant; (g) financial constraint is a consideration to be made to successfully implement the act; and (h) though the participants may single out some points to re-consider, they are still positive towards the act and what it can do for the welfare of the teachers.

"Backpack Refugee Rights Advocating" in Greece – Access to Justice through Legal Empowerment

The moment asylum seekers arrive in Greece, they are often denied access to justice on different levels. At the same time international volunteer field advocates or Backpack Refugee Rights Advocates have the goal of assisting asylum seekers to master the difficulties of the complex European asylum process. More importantly they can play an important role in the process of legally empowering asylum seekers. This paper will first analyze the different forms of access to justice that are denied to asylum seekers in Greece. Then then paper will proceed with the concept of legal empowerment of asylum seekers and it is argued that the main purpose of Backpack Refugee Rights Lawyers should be enabling asylum seekers and refugees to know and enforce their own rights. At the same time the paper identifies and addresses several problems of the work of Backpack Refugee Rights Lawyers. Overall, it is hoped that this paper will provide field advocates with information about how they can play an integral part in the legal empowerment of asylum seekers and refugees if they act according to certain guidelines.

Dancing Right(s): Dance, Disability and Legal Empowerment in Post-War Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka's long civil war (1983-2009) resulted in large-scale personal, physical and social trauma. It led to a large number of deaths and many people became disabled due to the war. Disabled people in Sri Lanka are often marginalized and excluded from the public sphere. Whilst there are initiatives to support disabled people from both the State and Non- Governmental Organisations, support often adopts a charity-based approach which has been criticised for contributing to marginalisation and the dependency of disabled people on other people and organisations. Performing Empowerment (2016-18) was a research project that responded to this context by seeking to examine whether combining dance workshops with human rights education might lead to greater legal empowerment for disabled people in Sri Lanka. In this paper, I reflect on the experiences of five Tamil women who took part in the project, outlining how they gained confidence and rights awareness which enabled them to self-advocate and make changes to their everyday lives, demonstrating increased legal empowerment. I argue that this change arose in part through different forms of performance that they experienced within the workshops, which enabled a series of transportations from their daily lives.

Legal empowerment as a tool for engendering access to justice in South Africa

This article examines the concept of access to justice and the challenges vulnerable and marginalised groups encounter in accessing justice. The article further discusses the recognition of access to justice as human rights imperative under international and regional human rights instrument. It then discusses barriers to access to justice for women. It argues that while access to justice remains a challenge for many vulnerable and marginalised groups, women particularly encounter serious barriers to access to justice in society. Furthermore, it discusses the notion of legal empowerment and the significance of this for the realisation of access to justice for vulnerable groups, especially women in disadvantaged communities. This is followed by the discussion on the experience of the Dullah Omar Institute in providing legal empowerment training for women in informal settlements in Cape Town and some of the, important lessons from this process. It concludes by making useful recommendations in ensuring access to justice for vulnerable women in informal settlements.