Estimation of salt pond area in Madura based on satellite imagery

Salt is one of the essential commodities in Madura. Still, this commodity is often a problem related to the volume of production that cannot be determined with certainty. Sometimes, the estimation and actual production in the field is much different. The satellite image is a picture of an area photographed by satellite remote sensing of an area according to conditions in the field. Satellite imagery can be used to estimate the area of production of a commodity at a specific location. This study aimed to estimate the total area of salt pond in the Madura Island, specifically Sampang district, using a Landsat 8 satellite image. The method used spectral analysis that extracts multispectral data Landsat 8 to result from different areas. Field observations were conducted to validate the area. The results show that the accuracy of satellite image interpretation of salt ponds and non-salt ponds was 67.5%. Based on the result, it is possible to estimate salt pond area production in the Sampang district using Landsat 8. However, classification results must be improved by using other classification methods.

DEVELOPING THEMATIC LEARNING MODULE BASED ON ETHNOSCIENCE ORIENTED OUTDOOR LEARNING STRATEGY TO IMPROVE STUDENT’S LEARNING OUTCOMES IN PRIMARY SCHOOL

The difficulty of students to understand science concepts in thematic learning requires innovation of the appropriate teaching materials. Meanwhile, the existence of salt ponds around students can be used as oriented outdoor learning. Therefore, this study aims to develop ethnoscience-based thematic modules implemented through outdoor learning strategies. The subjects were 40 grade VI students at Public Elementary School (or called SDN) Padelegan Pamekasan with different academic abilities and gender. The test results of learning data validity and effectiveness of modules were obtained through observation sheet instruments and questionnaires. According to the results, (1) validity modules were in the valid category, based on assessment of material and learning design experts, (2) the module’s effectiveness is in the effective category. Therefore, it can be concluded that the module strategy is worth using and improving science understanding for thematic learning in elementary schools.

ZAKAT HASIL TAMBAK GARAM DALAM PERSPEKTIF MAQASID AL-SHARI’AH ABDUL MAJID AL-NAJJAR

Most of salt farmers consider the result of salt ponds are assets which are unnecessarily required to pay zakat. It iss because the result of salt ponds are not assets which are mentioned explicitly in the quran verse as assets that must be issued to zakat. Therefore, the author tries to study the zakat law from the result of salt ponds from the perspective of maqasid al-sharia by Abdul Majid al-Najjar. It is known from the result of this study that in the zakat resulting from salt ponds there is a maqasid al-kulliyah (realizing the welfare of the people and the distribution of wealth), maqasid al-nau’iyah (giving a rise to a sense of solidarity and enthusiasm to help each other between the rich and the poor), and maqasid al-juz'iyyah (purifying wealth and self, as well as cleaning charity and result of operations). The result of salt ponds are assets for which zakat must be issued and are categorized as commercial assets based on several reasons, namely: first, there are maqasid that must be realized; secondly, it is kasab; third, the result of salt ponds are not bound by the obligation of other zakat in essence; fourth, it intention/purpose to be sold; and fifth, the fulfillment of ‘illat zakat, which is al-nama’ (growing).

Microbial drivers of methane emissions from unrestored industrial salt ponds

Wetlands are important carbon (C) sinks, yet many have been destroyed and converted to other uses over the past few centuries, including industrial salt making. A renewed focus on wetland ecosystem services (e.g., flood control, and habitat) has resulted in numerous restoration efforts whose effect on microbial communities is largely unexplored. We investigated the impact of restoration on microbial community composition, metabolic functional potential, and methane flux by analyzing sediment cores from two unrestored former industrial salt ponds, a restored former industrial salt pond, and a reference wetland. We observed elevated methane emissions from unrestored salt ponds compared to the restored and reference wetlands, which was positively correlated with salinity and sulfate across all samples. 16S rRNA gene amplicon and shotgun metagenomic data revealed that the restored salt pond harbored communities more phylogenetically and functionally similar to the reference wetland than to unrestored ponds. Archaeal methanogenesis genes were positively correlated with methane flux, as were genes encoding enzymes for bacterial methylphosphonate degradation, suggesting methane is generated both from bacterial methylphosphonate degradation and archaeal methanogenesis in these sites. These observations demonstrate that restoration effectively converted industrial salt pond microbial communities back to compositions more similar to reference wetlands and lowered salinities, sulfate concentrations, and methane emissions.

Estimation of Water Coverage in Permanent and Temporary Shallow Lakes and Wetlands by Combining Remote Sensing Techniques and Genetic Programming: Application to the Mediterranean Basin of the Iberian Peninsula

This work aims to validate the wide use of an algorithm developed using genetic programing (GP) techniques allowing to discern between water and non-water pixels using the near infrared band and different thresholds. A total of 34 wetlands and shallow lakes of 18 ecological types were used for validation. These include marshes, salt ponds, and saline and freshwater, temporary and permanent shallow lakes. Furthermore, based on the spectral matching between Landsat and Sentinel-2 sensors, this methodology was applied to Sentinel-2 imagery, improving the spatial and temporal resolution. When compared to other techniques, GP showed better accuracy (over 85% in most cases) and acceptable kappa values in the estimation of water pixels (κ ≥ 0.7) in 10 of the 18 assayed ecological types evaluated with Landsat-7 and Sentinel-2 imagery. The improvements were especially achieved for temporary lakes and wetlands, where existing algorithms were scarcely reliable. This shows that GP algorithms applied to remote sensing satellite imagery can be a valuable tool to monitor water coverage in wetlands and shallow lakes where multiple factors cause a low resolution by commonly used water indices. This allows the reconstruction of hydrological series showing their hydrological behaviors during the last three decades, being useful to predict how their hydrological pattern may behave under future global change scenarios.

The Effects of Dry and Wet Grinding Processes on The Salt Quality

Studies were conducted on the salt quality, such as NaCl percent and whiteness achieved by dry and wet grinding methods. Crude solar salt is carefully collected from traditional solar salt ponds to ensure the uniformity of the sample. Several salt processing methods were applied in this research, such as washing, grinding, and dewatering by centrifuge hydro extractor and drying. The effect of reducing salt particle size to 0.6 and 0.25 mm was also studied. The dry grinding method is conducted before the washing stage, while the wet grinding method is applied after the washing stage. Both dry and wet grinding methods provide high-quality salt products, indicating high NaCl percent and whiteness. The dry grinding method produces higher NaCl percent and whiteness than the wet grinding method. However, the wet grinding method was better in water management and equipment durability with loss of salt losses during the washing stage. Finally, both grinding methods have advantages and disadvantages, so for developing the salt processing industry, both methods should be correctly chosen and match product output requirements.

Analisis Spasio-Temporal Perubahan Luas Lahan Garam di Pesisir Kabupaten Rembang

The increase in salt consumption is not proportional to the growth of salt production land. So far, the mapping of salt ponds has been carried out on a small to medium scale, so the accuracy is not too good. This study aimed to analyze changes in large-scale salt ponds in Rembang Regency during the period of 2005-2015. The data source used is a Very High-Resolution Satellite Image (CSRST) which has been corrected and other secondary data. Salt area was calculated through visual interpretation and manual detection. CSRST data usage by visual interpretation methods and manual detection had advantages in terms of geometric accuracy compared with the use of medium-sized image of automation methods. The analysis showed that the area of salt land in Rembang Regency increased during 2005-2015. The biggest increase occurred in 2005-2011, which increased by 546,255 ha or by 32%. The increase in area during 2011-2015 was not significant by 198.45 ha (11.46%). Area expansion was expected to occur in the next few years, but it was not expected to be significant because of the optimal land use in the most of Rembang already. Expansion of salt ponds remained possible by converting the existing rice fields on the coast of Rembang Regency. However, a comparative study of the economic value of rice fields and salt ponds must be carried out before converting the paddy fields to salt ponds.

PENDAMPINGAN LANSIA DALAM PENCEGAHAN KOMPLIKASI HIPERTENSI

ABSTRAKHipertensi adalah penyakit kronis yang umum di seluruh dunia dan faktor risiko utama penyakit kardiovaskular. Penyebab utama penyakit ini yaitu faktor genetika, perilaku dan gaya hidup. Kesadaran yang rendah pada penanganan hipertensi menjadi penyebab utama dalam terjadinya komplikasi stroke. Desa Karanganyar Barat Kecamatan Kalianget Kabupaten Sumenep Merupakan salah satu desa yang terletak di daerah pesisir dan juga banyak terdapat tambak garam. Data posyandu lansia Desa Karanganyar Barat menyebutkan bahwa angka kejadian hipertensi pada lansia sangat tinggi bahkan kunjungan posyandu terbanyak adalah penderita hipertensi mencapai 70%. Para lansia ini juga kurang memahami dampak jangka Panjang hipertensi seperti stroke. Tujuan dalam pengabdian untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan lansia dalam mencegah komplikasi hipertensi. Mitra dalam pengabdian ini adalah kader posyandu lansia di Desa Karanganyar Barat Kecamatan Kalianget Kabupaten Sumenep, Peserta dalam kegiatan ini adalah lansia penderita hipertensi sebanyak 15 orang. Metode dalam kegiatan ini yaitu penyuluhan, ceramah dan diskusi. Keberhasilan acara ini tampak dari semangat dan antusiasnya lansia. Lansia juga berperan sangat aktif dalam menjawab evaluasi tentang materi yang telah disampaikan. Pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian terlaksana dengan lancar, Sebagian besar 93% (14 lansia) meningkat pengetahuannya dengan kategori pengetahuan baik sedangkan 6,7% (1 orang) dengan kategori pengetahuan cukup dalam mencegah komplikasi hipertensi serta berkomitmen dalam melaksanakan semua anjuran dari tim pengabdian untuk mencegah komplikasi stroke. Kata kunci: lansia; hipertensi; komplikasi hipertensi. ABSTRACTHypertension is a common chronic disease worldwide and a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The main causes of this disease are genetics, behavior, and lifestyle. Low awareness of hypertension management is the main cause of stroke complications. Karanganyar Barat Village, Kalianget District, Sumenep Regency is one of the villages located in a coastal area and there are also many salt ponds. Data from the Posyandu for elderly in Karanganyar Barat Village states that the incidence of hypertension in the elderly is very high, even if the most posyandu visits are hypertension sufferers reaching 70%. The elderly also do not understand the long-term impact of hypertension such as stroke. This research aims to increase the knowledge of the elderly in preventing complications of hypertension. Partners in this service are elderly posyandu cadres in Karanganyar Barat Village, Kalianget District, Sumenep Regency. Participants in this activity were 15 elderly people with hypertension. The methods in this activity are counseling, lectures, and discussions. The success of this event was evident from the enthusiasm and enthusiasm of the elderly. The elderly also play a very active role in answering evaluations of the material that has been delivered. The implementation of service activities was carried out smoothly, most of the 93% (14 elderly) increased their knowledge with the good knowledge category, while 6.7% (1 person) with the category of knowledge was sufficient in preventing complications of hypertension and committed to carrying out all recommendations from the service team to prevent complications stroke. Keywords: elderly; hypertension; complications of hypertension.