Solving string constraints with Regex-dependent functions through transducers with priorities and variables

Regular expressions are a classical concept in formal language theory. Regular expressions in programming languages (RegEx) such as JavaScript, feature non-standard semantics of operators (e.g. greedy/lazy Kleene star), as well as additional features such as capturing groups and references. While symbolic execution of programs containing RegExes appeals to string solvers natively supporting important features of RegEx, such a string solver is hitherto missing. In this paper, we propose the first string theory and string solver that natively provides such support. The key idea of our string solver is to introduce a new automata model, called prioritized streaming string transducers (PSST), to formalize the semantics of RegEx-dependent string functions. PSSTs combine priorities, which have previously been introduced in prioritized finite-state automata to capture greedy/lazy semantics, with string variables as in streaming string transducers to model capturing groups. We validate the consistency of the formal semantics with the actual JavaScript semantics by extensive experiments. Furthermore, to solve the string constraints, we show that PSSTs enjoy nice closure and algorithmic properties, in particular, the regularity-preserving property (i.e., pre-images of regular constraints under PSSTs are regular), and introduce a sound sequent calculus that exploits these properties and performs propagation of regular constraints by means of taking post-images or pre-images. Although the satisfiability of the string constraint language is generally undecidable, we show that our approach is complete for the so-called straight-line fragment. We evaluate the performance of our string solver on over 195000 string constraints generated from an open-source RegEx library. The experimental results show the efficacy of our approach, drastically improving the existing methods (via symbolic execution) in both precision and efficiency.

Revealing The Religiosity in Sedulur Sikep Macapat Songs

Sikep society is known as one of Javanese cultural heritage keepers. Moreover, the society has unique religiosity attitudes that are somehow it misunderstood as disobedience. This research tries to dig the religiosity attitudes reflected on Sikep society’s Macapat songs, especially their focuses and objects. The analysis used appraisal language theory as the approach. The data of the research are words, phrases, or metaphors that reflect attitude in the texts of Sikep society’s macapat songs. The result of the study showed that thereare only two dimensions of religiosity attitudes found in Sikep society’s Macapat song, those are beliefs and values. The value of religiosity reflected on appreciation and judgment; the belief of religiosity consisted of appreciation, judgment, and affect. The objects of religiosity attitudes in the Sikep society’s macapat songs include people (Sikep society, Ki Surantika, man, the children of Sikep society, government, and the ancestors), and something that is humanized (intention, body and soul). The focus of positive moral attitude involves all words, phrases, and metaphor that reflected the principles, prohibitions, ideals; the focuses of negative moral attitude expressed the negative attitudes and behaviors that they proposed to be avoided. Here, the dominant positive attitudes showed their social life. Then, the only two dimensions of religiosity indicate the lack of restricted rules and ritual applied in their religious life.

Scientific Foundations of the Chuvash Language Textbook for 10-11 Grades

The purpose of the article is to familiarize the reader with the content, structure and scientific foundations of the presentation of topics in the manuscript of the future textbook on the Chuvash language for students of grades 10-11 of schools with their native language of instruction. The research material is the manuscript of the textbook "Chuvash language" for grades 10-11 of schools with a native (Chuvash) language of instruction. The comparative-analytical method of research is used in the work. The manuscript was prepared in accordance with the program approved by the resolution of the Federal Educational and Methodological Association (Protocol No. 3/20 of September 17, 2020). This program is aimed at repeating and fixing the material of grades 5-9. In this regard, the manuscript includes relevant material for this purpose. The new topic is mainly the topic of "Language and speech economy". All topics are presented in accordance with the achievements of modern language theory. The author, as well as professor I.A. Andreev, believes that the study of the topic "Phraseology" is inappropriate. Studying a word out of connection with syntax does not reveal the essence of the use of certain affixes. For example, syntactic affixes can take both individual words and phrases. Therefore, morphemics and morphology should be presented in school taking into account syntax.

Computational Perspectives on Phonological Constituency and Recursion

Whether or not phonology has recursion is often conflated with whether or not phonology has strings or trees as data structures. Taking a computational perspective from formal language theory and focusing on how phonological strings and trees are built, we disentangle these issues. We show that even considering the boundedness of words and utterances in physical realization and the lack of observable examples of potential recursive embedding of phonological constituents beyond a few layers, recursion is a natural consequence of expressing generalization in phonological grammars for strings and trees. While prosodically-conditioned phonological patterns can be represented using grammars for strings, e.g., with bracketed string representations, we show how grammars for trees provide a natural way to express these patterns and provide insight into the kinds of analyses that phonologists have proposed for them.

Àkànlò-èdè Tuntun Nínú Àwọn Orin Ọ ̀ dọ ́ Ìwòyí

Àkaǹlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun je ̣ ́ ìpèdè tí Àkànmú (2016) pè ní ìsọ ìgbàlódé tí ìtumò wọn loorìn díè tí ó sì ṣàjèjì sí àwọn tí ó máa ń ṣe àmúlò àkànlò èdè ti ̣ - wa-n-tiwa tí ó ti wà te ̣ ́ lè . Ọ̣ ̀pòḷọpo ̣ ̀ ̀ iṣe ̣ ̣ ́ ìwádìí ní ó ti wà lórí ìṣàmúlò àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun nínú orin, fíìmù àgbéléwò, ìpolówó ọjà, ìròyìn, o ̣ ̀ nà ìbániso ̣ ̀ ro ̣ ̀ nínú eré boòlù àfẹse ̣ ̣ ̀ gbá láàrin àwọn èrò ìwòran ní gbàgede ìwòran àti ìgbòkègbodò ọko ̣ ̀ ṣùgbó n kò fi bee ̣ ̀ sí iṣé tí ó jinle ̣ ̣ ̀ lórí ìjẹyọ àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun nínú orin tàka-súfèé òde òní èyí tó wo ̣ ́ po ̣ ̀ láàrin àwọn o ̣ ̀ do ̣ ́ . Akitiyan láti dí àlàfo yìí ní ó bí àpile ̣ ̀ kọ yìí. Tío ̣ ́ rì èdè ojoojúmó (̣ Standard Language Theory) tí Mukarovsky ṣe agbáterù re ̣ ̀ ni a fi ṣe àtúpalè àwọn àkànlò èdè Yorùbá ̣ tuntun tí á yè wò nínú bébà yìí nítorí pé ó lè ṣàlàyé ohun tí ó je ̣ ̣ ́ kí àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun yapa si èdè ojoojúmo ̣ ́ àti ohun tí ó ń fa ìyàtò gír ̣ íkì láàrin èdè ojoojúmó àti èdè ewì. A ṣe àṣàyàn o ̣ ̣ ̀ kọrin tàka-súfèé me ̣ ́ ta wonyi: Olátúnjí Ọládo ̣ ̀ tun À ̀làdé (Dotman), Azeez Fáṣọlá (Naira Marley) àti Oritse Fe ̣ ́ mi Má- je ̣ ̀ e ̣ ́ mite ̣ ́ Èkélè (Oritsa Fémi) nítorí pé àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun farahàn púpo ̣ ̀ nínú orin wọn. Nínú ìtúpalè wa ni ó ti hàn pé àwọn o ̣ ̣ ̀ kọrin tàka-súfèé òde-òní fe ̣ ́ ràn láti máa ṣe àmúlò àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun bí i ‘oúnjẹ ọmọ’ (fún obìnrin tí ó ní ọyàn ńlá èyí tí ó bù kún ẹwà a rè ), ‘je ̣ ̣ ̀ wà’ (s ̣ ̀ ewo ̣ ̀ n), ‘ojúẹle ̣ ́ gba’ (oluko, ará oko èèyàn tàbí ẹni tí ojú re ̣ ̀ dúdú), ‘gbé bo ̣ ́ dì ẹ’ (lo ọpọlọ tàbí ọgbo ̣ ́ n orí ẹ) àti ‘yàúyàhúù’ (àwọn tí ó ń fi e ̣ ̀ rọ ayélujára lu jìbìtì) ge ̣ ́ ge ̣ ́ bí o ̣ ̀ nà ìbániso ̣ ̀ ro ̣ ̀ àti ìdánilárayá. A ṣe àmúlò àfiwé ẹle ̣ ́ lo ̣ ̀ o ̣ ́ fún ìṣe ̣ ̀ dá àwọn àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun tí ó jẹ yọ. Àfiwé ẹle ̣ ́ lò ọ ̣ ́ yìí náà ni ó bí ìsọdorúkọ, fìrósínròójẹ àti àwọn èròjà ìṣe ̣ ̀ dá o ̣ ̀ ro ̣ ̀ mìíràn tí a lò nínú àpile ̣ ̀ kọ yìí. Ó hàn gbangba pé àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun rẹwà jù lọ fún ìbáraẹniso ̣ ̀ ro ̣ ̀ , ṣíṣe àlàyé o ̣ ̀ ro ̣ ̀ , àpèjúwe àti ìdárayá nínú orin tàka-súfèé

Ḥalāl linguistic meaning understanding among Non-Muslim in Malaysia

Ḥalāl discourse is not only familiar to Muslims, but also non-Muslims in Malaysia. This study discusses the response from non-Muslim in Malaysian ḥalāl discourse, with the objectives of identifying the ḥalāl linguistic meaning among non-Muslim in Malaysia. The discussion of meaning is based on the language interpretation which used in Sunni pragmatic research, such as how language is perceived either literal or figurative meanings based Mohamed & Yunis (2013) and Russell (1940) approach that focuses on the meaning and fact in his language theory. The data in the discussion related to the non-Muslims response towards 5 categories of ḥalāl implementation, namely ḥalāl food, ḥalāl certification, ḥalāl sign, ḥalāl name or brand of the product and ḥalāl supply chain. The data were the controversial ḥalāl issues from 2014 to 2018 taken from local newspapers such as Star Online. The discussion demonstrates that the understanding of non-Muslims linguistically can be traced from the keywords, such as understanding, compliance, awareness, acceptance and recognised which are denotatively having positive meanings. However, there are other words denotatively having negative meanings such as confusion and sensitivity. The result also shows ḥalāl does not only concern Muslims but non-Muslims as well. In principle, Islam does not prohibit non-Muslims from consuming the products offered based on guidelines recommended in Islam. The findings reveal that ḥalāl understanding in Malaysia still needs to be strengthened among non-Muslims. Therefore, the understanding and knowledge of ḥalāl implementation is the main pillar in maintaining the relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims in this society.

Law and Logic: E. Bulygin’s Deductive Pattern of Judicial Reasoning

In the twentieth century, the debate over the possibilities and limits of logic in law became particularly acute with the emergence of judicial realism, a philosophical and legal trend that denied the deductive nature of judicial decision-making. This compromised the theory of the judicial syllogism, assuming that a judicial decision could be deduced as a logical consequence from the premises - norms and facts, and generally provoked a sceptical attitude towards logic in law. The subject of the article is the deductive model of the justification of judicial decisions proposed by the outstanding legal philosopher Eugenio Bulygin. The aim of the article is to show Bulygin’s contribution to the improvement of the deductive model of judicial reasoning. The main innovations Bulygin brought to the deductive model of judicial reasoning are: 1) justifying, based on logical analysis and open texture of language theory, the analytical character of the court interpretative sentences; 2) distinguishing the individual and the generic subsumptions, etc. At the same time, the authors conclude that Bulygin’s improved deductive theory is not free from criticism, as the Argentine jurist does not succeed in complete eliminating doubts about the logical deducibility of at least some categories of decisions from general rules.

HISPANIC PLACE NAMES OF ARGENTINA: LINGUOHISTORICAL ASPECT

Введение. Являясь крупнейшей по площади испаноязычной страной в мире, Аргентина всегда играла важную роль в историческом, экономическом и культурном развитии южноамериканского континента. Топонимический корпус Аргентины на протяжении веков складывался из европейского (преимущественно испанского) и автохтонного пластов. Испаноязычные компоненты в топонимии этого латиноамериканского государства являются своеобразной картографической формой существования испанского языка, семиотическим маркером присутствия испанской культуры в данном уголке мира. Однако в настоящее время говорить о подробной изученности аргентинской географической номенклатуры не приходится. Цель – предпринять попытку комплексного лингвистического описания испаноязычной топонимии Аргентины и внести вклад в изучение историко-культурного облика страны. Материал и методы. Выводы основаны на полученных результатах лингвопрагматического анализа, проведенного с помощью современных электронных технических средств: в качестве материалов и инструментов были использованы карты страны, электронные системы GoogleMaps и GeoNames. Результаты и обсуждение. Автор группирует географические имена испанского происхождения, приводя множественные примеры, объясняя их этимологию и выявляя метонимические цепочки. Наряду с описанием испаноязычных антропотопонимов, религиозных аллюзий, зоо- и фитотопонимов, эмоционально окрашенных топоединиц и географических имен, содержащих числительные, отдельное место отводится военной топонимии, топонимам-тезкам и топонимам-дублетам. Помимо испаноязычных географических имен, определяется доля гибридной и коренной топонимии от общего числа географических названий региона. Гетерогенность форм географических названий здесь указывает на столкновение цивилизаций, неоднородность языковых контактов и богатство лексических ресурсов локальной топонимической системы. Выяснено, что испаноязычные топонимы составляют наибольший процент в сравнении с автохтонными топонимами и топонимами-гибридами региона. В результате исследования испаноязычный топонимический пласт был распределен по группам, самую многочисленную из которых составляют антропотопонимы. Заключение. Полученные структурированные и описанные данные исследования способствуют продвижению цифровых технологий в ономастических изысканиях и позволяют использовать продемонстрированные результаты в рамках курсов теории языка, топонимики, теории языковых контактов, мигрантологии, лингвострановедения, лексикологии, диалектологии, теории нормативности, а также в преподавании испанского языка. Introduction. As the world’s largest Spanish-speaking country by area, Argentina has always played an important role in the historical, economic and cultural development of the South American continent. Over the centuries, the toponymic corpus of Argentina consists of European (mainly Hispanic) and autochthonous strata. The Hispanic components in the toponymy of this South American state are a kind of cartographic form of the existence of the Spanish language, a semiotic marker of the presence of Spanish culture in this corner of the world. However, at present, there is no possibility to talk about a detailed study of the Argentine geographic nomenclature. The purpose of the article is to attempt a comprehensive linguistic description of the Hispanic toponymy of Argentina. Material and methods. The conclusions are based on the results of the linguopragmatic analysis carried out by traditional means and modern electronic systems: maps of the country, electronic systems GoogleMaps and GeoNames were used as materials and tools. Results and discussion. The author groups place names of Spanish origin, giving multiple examples, explaining their etymology and identifying metonymic chains. Along with the description of Hispanic anthropotoponyms, religious allusions, zoo- and phytotoponyms, emotionally colored topo-units and geographical names containing numerals, a separate place is given to military toponymy, shift names and doublet toponyms. In addition to Hispanic place names, the share of bilingual and indigenous place names in the total number of place names in the region is determined. The heterogeneity of the forms of geographical names here indicates the clash of civilizations, the heterogeneity of linguistic contacts and the richness of the lexical resources of the local toponymic system. It was found that Hispanic toponyms make up the largest percentage in comparison with autochthonous toponyms and bilingual toponyms of the country. As a result of the study, the Hispanic toponymic layer was divided into groups, the most numerous of which are anthropotoponyms. Conclusion. The resulting structured and described research data contribute to the advancement of digital technologies in onomastic research, and also allow the use of the demonstrated results in the framework of courses in language theory, toponymy, theory of language contacts, migrantology, linguistic studies, lexicology, dialectology, theory of normativity, as well as in teaching Spanish.