IMPLIKASI TEORI AKUNTANSI POSITIF DAN TEORI KEAGENAN DALAM PRAKTIK MANAJEMEN LABA

The purpose of this study is to test positive accounting theory by analyzing the effect of audit committees, independent commissioners on earnings management through debt hyphothesis testing, bonus motivation on earnings management, by adding the firm size variable as a control variable on earnings management in banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2015-2020. The results of the study confirm that the independent commissioners partially have a significant influence on earnings management. The audit committee has a significant effect on earnings management and bonus motivation has no effect on earnings management and debt motivation has no effect on earnings management. While the firm size variable has no effect on earnings management. Simultaneously independent commissioners, audit committee, bonus motivation, and firm size have a significant effect on earnings management. This findings indicates that the motivation developed in positive accounting theory in earnings management.

Problematics of Creative Accounting and Earnings Management in the Context of the Development of Accounting Theories

The beginnings of accounting can be found even in the 14st century, when trade transactions began to be recorded in the books of account. To this day, accounting has evolved at certain stages, depending on goals were set for the accounting for that period. In the article after concluding the analysis of scientific sources the following are presented: the stages of accounting development, which were influenced not only by different Anglo-Saxon, Germanic and Latin accounting systems, but also by economic and political factors; the influence of accounting on the development of accounting theories is revealed. The concept of positive accounting theory, assumptions for manipulating accounting and the concept and application methods of earnings management and creative accounting are presented. Based on the research, a model of multi-paradigm approach is presented, in which the methodologies of normative and positive accounting theory can be fully applied. The proposed complexity of methodologies can help to solve not only the problems of creative accounting and earnings management, but also other problems of the 21st century. accounting issues.

The opportunistic approach of the Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) fails to explain choices made at OGX: An anomalous situation?

This paper has two objectives: (1) to demonstrate that the main accounting choices made by accountants and managers of OGX Company throughout its full business life cycle were not opportunistic, as often suggested by the hypothesis of Positive Accounting Theory; and (2) to demonstrate that these accounting choices may be better explained by the Theory of Corporate Scandals, by the Monitoring Hypothesis and by the Corporate Reputation Hypothesis. The research was conducted using a longitudinal case study approach, from 2006-2015, in order to identify visible accounting decisions in annual financial statements reports. It was found that the analyzed Company had the incentives to preform opportunistic accounting choices, such as the ones predicted by the PAT hypothesis and had also done through several situations in its business life cycle that could have influenced it to perform opportunistic accounting choices. However, there is no evidence that the Company ever made use of either opportunistic increasing-income accounting changes to impact their financial debt-covenants and bonus plan, or decreasing-income accounting to avoid government intervention, as suggested by the opportunistic approach of PAT hypothesis.

FINANCIAL REPORTING CONSEQUENCES OF CAPITAL XENOPHOBIA

The purpose of this editorial is to describe financial protectionism as a potentially important determinant of financial reporting outcomes. Fear of foreign capital, or capital xenophobia, spurs financial protectionism. Examining the effects of financial protectionism on financial reporting outcomes potentially permits an expansion of positive accounting theory and, in particular, the political cost hypothesis. I first describe extant literature examining the political cost hypothesis. I then describe national-security related drivers of capital xenophobia. Next, I examine settings in which we can observe variation in financial protectionism. I conclude by positing varied paths by which financial protectionism can affect financial reporting outcomes.

POSITIVE ACCOUNTING THEORY (PAT): TELAAH LITERATUR DARI BERBAGAI PERSPEKTIF

<p><em>Watts and Zimmermen are the represents the first developer of Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) which has provided a new direction in the development of accounting research in the mid-1960s. In the 1940s and early 1960s research in accounting is dominated by normative research that more emphasis on what should happen in the world of accounting. This differs from the PAT that put more emphasis on how accounting theory can explain and predict the phenomena occurring in the real world of accounting.</em></p><p><em>The friction from normative to positive approaches that occur in accounting research, several things happen because of, among others: (1) the inability of the normative approach in testing the theory empirically, (2) normative approach is more focused on investors, and (3) normative approach does not allow the allocation of capital </em><em>in the stock market. Now days a lot of positive research is dominated by the accounting practices related to decision making for investors. Many researchers who have PAT provides empirical evidence about accounting practices, such as Ball and Brown, Healy, Jensen and Meckling and many other researchers.</em></p><p><em>In addition to providing new insights in accounting research, PAT proposed by Watts and Zimmermen also getting some criticism from researchers in the environment of accounting, such as Sterling, Christenson and some other researchers associated with the methods, methodologies and the development of the PAT.</em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><em>Key</em><em> </em><em>word<strong>:</strong> Positive accounting theory, some critical to positive accounting theory</em></p>