Listen and you will see the person through the dementia

Dementia is an ever-increasing health and social problem, with a growing number of people being affected worldwide. As dementia progresses, dependency on others increases, requiring the presence of caregivers. Caregivers tend to focus on the diagnosis itself – dementia – which makes it difficult to see the person in their uniqueness. The person is there, and can be seen by listening, which requires time and communication skills. The voices of older adults living with several types of dementia, collected while working as a psychologist in a nursing home, are presented in the first person to bring forward the person they are. These excerpts of interactions illustrate the basic psychological need of relatedness, which is built through interaction, stories, and touch, and the needs of competence and autonomy. The framework of this paper encompasses validation therapy, person-centered care, and self-determination theory. Two conclusions emerge: Seeing the person through the dementia enables an adequate psychological assessment and a helpful supportive psychotherapy, and it also makes us acknowledge and help satisfy the three basic psychological needs of relatedness, competence, and autonomy.

A Mechanism-Based Approach to Anti-Aggression Psychotherapy in Borderline Personality Disorder: Group Treatment Affects Amygdala Activation and Connectivity

Aggression is highly prevalent in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Previous studies have identified specific biobehavioral mechanisms underlying aggression in BPD, threat sensitivity being among them. We composited the mechanism-based anti-aggression psychotherapy (MAAP) in order to target these specific mechanisms, and MAAP was found to be superior to non-specific supportive psychotherapy (NSSP) in reducing aggressive behavior. In the present study, we investigated whether underlying brain mechanisms expected to be involved were affected by MAAP. To this end, n = 33 patients with BPD and overt aggressive behavior (n = 20 in MAAP, n = 13 in NSSP) and n = 25 healthy participants took part in a functional magnetic resonance imaging emotional face-matching task before and after treatment, or at a similar time interval for controls. Overt aggressive behavior was assessed using the overt aggression scale, modified. Results showed a decrease in amygdala activation in response to facial stimuli after MAAP, whereas an increase in amygdala activation was found after NSSP. Furthermore, in the MAAP group, connectivity between amygdala and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex increased from pre- to post-treatment compared to the NSSP group. Hence, the results suggest an impact of MAAP on brain mechanisms underlying the salience circuit in response to threat cues.

Contemporary Supportive Therapy: A Review of History, Theory, and Evidence

Supportive psychotherapy interventions were developed as a part of psychodynamic psychotherapy work, and supportive psychotherapy was historically considered to be the default form of therapy only for lower-functioning patients. These roots unfortunately have resulted in supportive psychotherapy being viewed as an inferior form of treatment. In reality, supportive psychotherapy is a practical and flexible form of psychotherapy that helps patients with a wide range of psychiatric illnesses, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, personality disorders, eating disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, and substance use disorders. In addition, supportive psychotherapy can be well-suited to higher-functioning patients, as well as to patients who are chronically lower-functioning. There is also evidence to support the use of supportive psychotherapy in patients with certain medical illnesses, including coronary artery disease, some gastrointestinal illnesses, HIV infection, and certain types of cancer. The goals of supportive psychotherapy include helping patients to understand emotional experiences, improving affective regulation and reality-testing, making use of their most effective coping strategies, and engaging in collaborative problem solving to reduce stressors and increase effective engagement with support systems.

ANOREXIA NERVOSA IN ADOLESCENTS — CASE REPORT

Although there is no universally recognized protocol for the evaluation of eating disorders, all specialists agree that a broad-spectrum evaluation is needed, given the multidetermined nature of this pathology. Therapeutic intervention, supportive psychotherapy and CBT, have as main objective cognitive restructuring, identifying and addresing psychological causes that cause, precede and trigger eating disorders - anorexia nervosa. Aim: To identify the role of psychotherapy and the entire interdisciplinary team in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Case description: We present a case report of a 15-yearold girl diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, where I applied CBT. This case confirms by the objectives achieved, that CBT has a primordial role, in interrupting the vicious circle, somatic symptom- psychic-pseudo somatic symptom and to restore the emotional balance of the patient diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Conclusion: Compliance with psychiatric treatment increases, by addressing psychotherapy, as a clinical intervention, in the treatment of this complex condition.

Cost-effectiveness of internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: results from a randomised controlled trial

Objectives: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD-NET). Design: Secondary cost-effectiveness analysis from a randomised controlled trial on BDD-NET versus online supportive psychotherapy. Setting: Academic medical centre. Participants: Self-referred adult patients with a primary diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder and a score of 20 or higher on the modified Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale (n = 94). Patients receiving concurrent psychotropic drug treatment were included if the dose had been stable for at least two months and remained unchanged during the trial. Interventions: Participants received either BDD-NET (n = 47) or online supportive psychotherapy (n = 47) for 12 weeks. Primary and secondary outcome measures: The primary outcome measures were cost-effectiveness and cost-utility from a societal perspective, using remission status from a diagnostic interview and quality-adjusted life years from EQ-5D, respectively. Secondary outcome measures were cost-effectiveness and cost-utility from a health care perspective and the clinics perspective. Results: Compared to supportive psychotherapy, BDD-NET produced one additional remission for an average societal cost of $4132. The cost-utility analysis showed that BDD-NET generated one additional QALY to an average cost of $14319 from a societal perspective. Conclusions: BDD-NET is a cost-effective treatment for body dysmorphic disorder, compared to online supportive psychotherapy. The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of BDD-NET should be directly compared to face-to-face cognitive behaviour therapy.

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC METHODS USED FOR WORK WITH FAMILIES RAISING CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

Modern practical psychotherapy structurally includes several areas and profiles, among which one of the first places is occupied by family psychotherapy, in particular, systemic family psychotherapy. Such psychotherapy for families raising children with special educational needs is of particular importance. Psychological support for mentioned families should be aimed at creating the social and psychological conditions restoring emotional well-being of parents having children with special educational needs and favourable for these children’s development. Family psychotherapy can take various forms and directions aimed at families raising children with special educational needs. One of the best formats of corrective and supportive psychotherapy for these families is psychotherapeutic assistance, psychotherapy aimed at actuation of family members’ personal and psychological resources, especially children with psychological difficulties. Revealed significant shortcomings and mistakes become a self-disclosure tool necessary for positive personal changes and personality manifestations in the form of internal mental states and external behavioural reactions. Repeated psychotherapeutic influences on the behavioural models used by parents of children with special educational needs help them to better understand their children, their behaviour, reduce anxiety, improve self-confidence and confidence in their abilities to overcome life problems. A psychotherapist’s necessary quality is his/her ability to maintain a positive attitude towards a client or, to say more correctly, faith in the positive existential foundation, which should be freed from life blockages and false personality defences. Only in this case, the psychotherapist can simultaneously maintain a open, natural communication and at the same time not react with negative emotions to the client’s negative manifestations. We have found that the rejection of their children by parents of autistic children is associated with negativism, irritability, increased anxiety and depression, rigidity. Increased anxiety among parents with autistic children increases their irritation, resentment, and guilt.

An audit to look at the prescribing of psychotropic medication in the general adult inpatient setting in patients with emotionally unstable personality disorder

AimsTo assess the frequency of prescription of psychotropic medication in patients with a primary diagnosis of emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD) following admission to Clock View Hospital, an inpatient unit in Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust.MethodA retrospective analysis of the electronic (RiO) record of 50 patients discharged from Clock View Hospital between 1 January 2020 and 1 November 2020 was performed to assess prescribing practice.Twenty-five patients with a diagnosis of EUPD and no associated psychiatric comorbidities were included in the sample, as well as 25 patients with a diagnosis of EUPD and associated psychiatric comorbidities.Result80% of the 25 patients with EUPD and associated psychiatric comorbidities were prescribed psychotropic medication prior to admission to hospital (56% an antidepressant, 24% a mood stabiliser, 60% an antipsychotic and 8% a benzodiazepine). 64% of patients were prescribed two or more psychotropic medications. 28% were initiated on new psychotropic medications following admission. For four of the seven prescriptions commenced on psychotropic medication, prescribing practice was as advised in Mersey Care's EUPD guidelines.Of the 25 patients with EUPD and no associated psychiatric comorbidities, 96% of the patients were prescribed psychotropic medication prior to admission to hospital (56% an antidepressant, 20% a mood stabiliser, 72% an antipsychotic and 12% a benzodiazepine). 68% of patients were prescribed two or more psychotropic medications. Following admission, 28% of patients were initiated on new regular psychotropic medications. For five of the eight prescriptions for new psychotropic medication, prescribing practice was as advised in Mersey Care's EUPD guidelines.78% of the 50 patients were prescribed as required (PRN) psychotropic medication. In 21 patients, PRN medication was prescribed for longer than one week.ConclusionThere is a higher rate of prescribing of antipsychotic prescription in those EUPD patients with no psychiatric comorbidities compared to associated psychiatric comorbidities (72% vs 60%). Surprisingly, there was a lower rate of psychotropic polypharmacy in those with psychiatric comorbidities.Use of PRN psychotropic medication for longer than a week was higher in those patients with psychiatric comorbidities compared to those without psychiatric comorbidities (58% vs 50%). Benzodiazepines were overwhelmingly the most consistently prescribed PRN medication for patients with EUPD.One action to consider would be highlighting the importance of trialling psychologically-minded interventions and supportive psychotherapy prior to initiation of psychotropic medication. There also needs to be consideration to use of the sedative antihistamine promethazine as a first-line PRN medication for acute agitation.

DEPRESSION UNFOLDING GENDER DYSPHORIA: AN UNUSUAL CASE OF RURAL INDIA.

BACKGROUND: Gender dysphoria is a rare condition, rarer in females and rarest in rural areas of India. From the surface case presented with depressive features, but inside the core diagnosis of gender dysphoria was met. The objective of index case is highlighting presentation of a female with stigmatizing condition and role of various available treatment options and utilization of services. Case presentation: A 20-year-old female from rural background demonstrating symptoms of low mood, easy fatiguability and ideas of selfharm from past few months with a long -standing history of distress and incongruence between experienced and assigned gender. According to DSM-5, diagnosis of gender dysphoria was made and further evaluated on Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults (GIDYQ-AA) and Hamilton depression rating scale. SSRI was started along with supportive psychotherapy sessions and various treatment options for gender dysphoria discussed. DISCUSSION: This case illustrates importance of history taking which becomes paramount in case of rare disorders like gender dysphoria. Multi-level interventions at the individual, interpersonal, and structural levels to reduce stigma toward transgenders, better acceptability would lead to further clarify hypothesis and early diagnosis of the disorder.

Confusion and mental status changes in a medically ill child

Delirium is an acute, transient syndrome of global brain dysfunction that is the pathophysiological consequence of an underlying medical condition or toxic exposure. It affects 13% to 44% of hospitalized children. Signs and symptoms of delirium include disturbances in attention, awareness, and cognition that develop over a short period of time and fluctuate in severity. Patients with suspected delirium should undergo a physical examination and laboratory investigation to determine potential underlying medical etiologies. The primary treatment of delirium is identification and management of the underlying medical condition. Antipsychotics may be used to manage symptoms that threaten safety or impede the provision of medical care. Children with delirium may also benefit from supportive psychotherapy, involvement with child-life specialists, and other stress reduction strategies.