What Prevents You to Plug in to Online Surveys?

In today's world, which has been administered by computers and artificial intelligence in many areas, online data gathering has become an inevitable way of collecting data. Many researchers have preferred online surveying, considering the advantages of this method over the classical ones. Hence, the factors that may affect the response rate of online surveying have become a prominent research topic. In line with the popularity of this issue, the purpose of this chapter was to clarify the concept of online surveys; give information about their types, advantages, and usage; and investigate the factors that affect the participants' response behaviors. Besides the discussions on the theoretical framework of online surveying, an online survey aiming to determine the factors affecting the participation in online surveying was administered to a group of people to investigate the response behaviors thoroughly. The findings revealed that rs might affect ants' response behaviors to online surveys in various ways radically.

Multimodal Active Shooter Training for Emergency Department Personnel: An Initiative for Knowledge, Comfort, and Retention

Background: While hospital-related shootings are not common, recent years have demonstrated an increasing trend, especially involving the emergency department (ED). Despite this increase, there remains a lack of effective training for providers for active shooter events. Existing trainings commonly lack active participation, departmental-specific plans, or feasibility. Methods: Sixty-six emergency medicine physicians, nurses, and technicians participated in a two-phased multimodal active shooter training aimed to increase response knowledge and comfort. The initial training phase included a lecture on “Run-Hide-Fight” principles with departmental adaptations, followed by scenario-based discussion, and then safety walkthrough. Months later in the second phase, participants completed an active shooter simulation. An identical knowledge survey was collected before and after each phase along with descriptive analysis. Surveys were compared using paired t-test. Comfort levels were reported on a Likert scale and compared by paired t-test. Results: Paired t-tests confirmed a statistically significant difference in both active shooter knowledge and comfort levels. Participants showed retention of response knowledge and comfort with implementing response behaviors. Further descriptive analysis demonstrated effective fleeing and barricading, suggesting a real-life gain of knowledge and comfort. Conclusion: A two-phased, multimodal training design for active shooter response was successful in increasing ED provider active shooter knowledge, comfort, retention, and effective response behaviors.

What Makes a Health-Related Answer Popular on Social Q&A Sites: The Case of HPV Vaccine Topic on Zhihu (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Social question-and-answer (Q&A) sites have become an important venue for individuals to obtain and share human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine knowledge. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to examine how different features of an HPV vaccine answer are associated with users’ response behaviors on social Q&A sites. METHODS A total of 2,953 answers and 270 corresponding questions regarding the HPV vaccine were collected from a leading Chinese social Q&A platform, Zhihu. Three types of key features, including content, context, and contributor, were extracted and coded. Negative binomial regression models were employed to examine their impacts on the vote and comment count of an HPV vaccine answer. RESULTS The findings showed that both content length and vividness were positively related to response behaviors of HPV vaccine answers. In addition, compared to answers under the question theme “benefits and risks,” answers under the question theme “vaccination experience” received fewer votes and answers under the theme “news opinions” received more votes but fewer comments. The effects of contributors’ characteristics were also supported, suggesting that answers from a male contributor with more followers and no professional identity would attract more votes and comments from community members. The significant interaction effect between content and context features further showed that long and vivid answers about HPV vaccination experience are more likely to receive users’ votes and comments than those about benefits and risks. CONCLUSIONS The study provides a complete picture of the dynamic mechanisms behind users’ response behaviors towards HPV vaccine answers on social Q&A sites. The results help health community organizers develop better strategies for building and maintaining a vibrant online community for communicating HPV vaccine knowledge.