Yeast-derived nanoparticles remodel the immunosuppressive microenvironment in tumor and tumor-draining lymph nodes to suppress tumor growth

Microbe-based cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged as a hot topic for cancer treatment. However, serious limitations remain including infection associated side-effect and unsatisfactory outcomes in clinic trials. Here, we fabricate different sizes of nano-formulations derived from yeast cell wall (YCW NPs) by differential centrifugation. The induction of anticancer immunity of our formulations appears to inversely correlate with their size due to the ability to accumulate in tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN). Moreover, we use a percolation model to explain their distribution behavior toward TDLN. The abundance and functional orientation of each effector component are significantly improved not only in the microenvironment in tumor but also in the TDLN following small size YCW NPs treatment. In combination with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade, we demonstrate anticancer efficiency in melanoma-challenged mice. We delineate potential strategy to target immunosuppressive microenvironment by microbe-based nanoparticles and highlight the role of size effect in microbe-based immune therapeutics.

Current concepts in hip–spine relationships: making them practical for total hip arthroplasty

Hip, spine, and pelvis move in coordination with one another during activity, forming the lumbopelvic complex (LPC). These movements are characterized by the spinopelvic parameters sacral slope, pelvic tilt, and pelvic incidence, which define a patient’s morphotype. LPC kinematics may be classified by various systems, the most comprehensive of which is the Bordeaux Classification. Hip–spine relationships in total hip arthroplasty (THA) may influence impingement, dislocation, and edge loading. Historical ‘safe zones’ may not apply to patients with impaired spinopelvic mobility; adjustment of cup inclination and version and stem version may be necessary to achieve functional orientation and avert complications. Stem design, bearing surface (including dual mobility), and head size are part of the armamentarium to treat abnormal hip–spine relationships. Special attention should be directed to patients with adult spine deformity or fused spine because they are at increased risk of complications after THA.

REFLECTION OF ETHNOGRAPHIC LEXICON IN THE KARACHAY-BALKARIAN NART EPOS: MILITARY CLOTHING AND WEAPONS

Статья посвящена исследованию карачаево-балкарского нартского эпоса с применением метода лингвокультурологического анализа. Предметом изучения послужила встречающаяся в национальной версии Нартиады лексика, связанная с боевой экипировкой (одеждой и оружием). Особое внимание уделено средствам изображения и специфическим свойствам, которыми наделяются обозначенные предметы материальной культуры в фольклорных текстах. По функциональной направленности их условно можно разделить на средства защиты (доспехи, щиты и т.п.) и средства нападения (лук и стрелы, мечи, сабли, кинжалы, дубины и т.д.). Отмечается, что в карачаево-балкарских «Нартах» говорится не только о применении того или иного оружия, доспехов, но нередко подробно описывается и процесс его изготовления. Основным поставщиком вооружения является нартский кузнец Дебет. Тем не менее его помощниками выступают также мудрая Сатанай, ведающая хитрости придания оружию еще более смертоносных качеств путем применения различных ядов, и Сосурук, добывающий специфические средства и материалы для изготовления боевой амуниции. Одним из наиболее частых приемов при характеристике вооружения нартов является гиперболизация. В текстах также упоминается оружие извечных врагов нартского племени – эмегенов. Нередко оно наделяется чудесными свойствами (например, мечи-самосеки). Кроме того, в качестве оружия или средств усиления его свойств или улучшения боевых качеств воина могут выступать различные части тела самих великанов (спинной мозг, пищевод, нутряной жир и т.п.). В заключении делается вывод о том, что, несмотря на отражение исторических реалий самого народа-создателя эпоса «Нарты», при включении в ткань повествования предметы боевого снаряжения подвергаются влиянию законов художественной поэтики и обретают качества и свойства, не присущие им в действительности. The article is devoted to the study of the Karachay-Balkarian Nart epos using the method of linguoculturological analysis. The subject of study was the vocabulary found in the national version of Nartiada, related to military equipment (clothing and weapons). Particular attention is paid to the means of representation and specific properties, that are endowed with the designated objects of material culture in folklore texts. According to their functional orientation, they can be conditionally divided into means for protection (armor, shields, etc.) and means for attack (bow and arrows, swords, sabers, daggers, clubs, etc.). It is noted, that Karachay-Balkarian «Narts» speaks not only of the use of this or that weapon, armor, but often describes in detail the process of its manufacture. The main supplier of weapons is the Nart blacksmith Debet. Nevertheless, his assistants are also wise Satanay, who knows the tricks of making weapons even more lethal by using various poisons, and Sosuruk, who extracts specific means and materials for making combat ammunition. Exaggeration is one of the most common techniques, used to characterize the weapons of the Narts. The texts also mention the weapon of the eternal enemies of the Nart tribe – the Emegens. Often it is endowed with wonderful properties (for example, self-cutting swords). In addition, various parts of the body of the giants themselves (spinal cord, esophagus, internal fat, etc.) can act as weapons or means of enhancing their properties or improving the fighting qualities of a warrior. In the end it is concluded that, despite the reflection of the historical realities of the people-creator of the epos «Nart», when included in the fabric of the narrative, items of military equipment are influenced by the laws of artistic poetics and acquire qualities and properties, that are not inherent in them in reality.

On the demarcation of mythological messages in the communicative space of contemporary culture: An interdisciplinary approach

The article considers myth as an element of social communication reproduced in both archaic and modern times. The author seeks criteria for identifying mythological messages in the general corpus of connotative messages. The empirical field of the search is the mass media. The author follows the interdisciplinary research principles and presents a combination of various approaches to the study of myth. In the contemporary culture, myth remains one of the most relevant ways for constructing meaning. In both modern and archaic myths, there is a single type of thinking, the logic of which is not limited to the logic of emotions or scientific normativity. The author distinguishes normal and transformed myths, and argues that the demarcation of the mythological is needed exclusively for transformed myths. In other cases, despite its obvious ubiquity, myth remains a by-product of communications, does not distort their main content and does not parasitize on their form. The article draws an analogy between how mythological thinking functions in the archaic and the methods for forming mythological content in the contemporary mass media. The author comes to the conclusion that the initial functional orientation of the mass media is distorted in mythological messages: in the transformed media (media + myth), the function of informing is replaced by the functions of motivation. The mass media code information/not information is distorted, values are presented as systems of facts, and the image of reality as reality itself. The demarcation of mythological messages can be achieved by identifying the distortion of the content and functions of the original form of culture. Such a transformation is a necessary but insufficient criterion for identifying mythological messages in the communicative space of contemporary culture.

Stilogenost vremenski raslojene leksike u Rječniku bosanskog jezika autora Dževada Jahića

The paper initially discusses some theoretical aspects of functional-stylistic stratification of vocabulary, with an emphasis on spoken language and its impact on standard language in terms of generating new stylistic values. Spoken language belongs to the colloquial style, so given its great potential in creating the connotative meaning of words, its boundaries are not clearly set, and in the communicative act almost every word can undergo semantic modification, resulting in special semantic or stylistic nuances. Stylistic nuance of vocabulary finds its foundation in filling communicative gaps, which, through different use in different contexts, can activate the desired effects in an effort to obtain a nuance of meaning that is appropriate to the circumstances in which it occurs. Furthermore, the paper pays special attention to the stylogenic values of time-layered vocabulary, ie passive vocabulary in the Dictionary of the Bosnian Language by Dževad Jahić. By using vocabulary that has gone out of use in the text in the modern sense, its functional orientation comes to the fore, which, given the context in which it is used, can have different degrees of stylistic expressiveness. Thus, the stylistic character of lexemes with the qualifier of archaism, historicism, historical and obsolete lexicon is considered, taking into account the examples excerpted from the material given with each entry. After conducted analysis, the stylistic function of passive vocabulary is nothing but the expression of the historical originality of an event. Using terms from the former era of existence helps writers to get their literary work on a truer and more convincing painting of a certain period, thus transmitting historical, social and cultural patterns and material culture of a region.

Improving the efficiency of management mechanisms of health care institutions

The article summarizes the theoretical foundations of public and domestic management mechanisms in the field of health care. The essence, structure and functional orientation of mechanisms in the theory of management and the specifics of their formation for health care institutions are revealed. The analysis of the level of validity of the existing theoretical and methodological bases of construction of mechanisms in the system of national and internal economic management in the medical field, their practical efficiency and effectiveness in modern Ukrainian conditions is carried out. The content and functional orientation of the system changes of management technologies and ways of increase of efficiency of mechanisms in management of establishments of branch offered in research works are estimated. Some examples of foreign practice in the field of health care organization are given with an assessment of the possibilities of implementing certain components of foreign experience in Ukrainian practice. Based on the results of the assessment of theoretical and analytical principles and information on the practice of domestic health care institutions, some proposals are formulated to improve the conceptual principles of management of domestic health care institutions, ways to optimize mechanisms in the management system and approaches to analytical evaluation of their functioning. The results that have the greatest practical significance include the proposed approaches and ways to develop qualified management in medical institutions in the industry through the introduction of modern economic mechanisms in management systems. Among them, it is proposed to implement in the existing management systems of health care facilities a system of market tools adequate to the industry specifics, including business planning, the latest mechanisms and tools of financial and strategic management. The development of public-private partnership in the medical field is considered.

Analysis of Income Attribution of Consumption Tax in China’s Central and Local Government

After the policy to replace the business tax with a value-added tax was launched, local finance has encountered greater difficulties. In recent years, the economic downward pressure has made the dilemma far more serious. Some scholars, even from state level, showed some intentions of recommending that the consumption tax should be changed from the current central tax to a local tax or a shared tax to relieve the pressure of local governments. In this paper, we proved by presenting recent year’s tax figures of business, consumption, and local and central fiscals and their growth rate that replacing the consumption tax with a local tax does not exactly correspond to the trend of China’s reform of the financial system, the functional orientation of the consumption tax, and the nature of the consumption tax itself and may trigger some problems, and it may still be a better choice for the consumption tax to serve as a central tax.

Research on Networked Product Packaging Design Based on Internet of Things Technology

In recent years, with the improvement of Internet of Things technology and the continuous improvement of economic level, people’s consumption consciousness has also changed, especially for the packaging of networked products put forward higher requirements. This paper mainly studies the visual expression of networked product based on Internet of Things technology. Starting from the increasing influence of Internet electronic consumption in China’s economic consumption system, this paper deeply discusses the systematic product logistics packaging design under the Internet consumption form. This paper analyzes and discusses the differences between Internet consumer commodity packaging and physical consumer commodity packaging in functional orientation, added value of packaging, systematic visual design and other aspects.

Effect of addition corn flour, millet flour and pumpkin seed flour on the properties of gluten-free gingerbread

This article presents the development of a recipe for gluten-free gingerbread using secondary raw materials and cereals that normalize the intestinal micro flora. The gluten-free gingerbread recipes included the following gluten-free raw materials: corn flour (CF), millet flour (MF), pumpkin seed flour (PSF). The formulation was used as gingerbread «Limon» of wheat dough as a control sample. Prescription gluten-free components and their ratio were selected based on the analysis of data from domestic and foreign sources, taking into account the functional orientation and consumer properties. Laboratory baking of gingerbread was carried out with a complete replacement of wheat flour in the recipe for a different ratio of gluten-free flour mixture CF:MF:PSF - 40:40:20 and 35:35:30. To evaluate the obtained gingerbread, organoleptic and physicochemical methods of analysis were used. The organoleptic properties and physicochemical properties of the control sample and samples of gluten-free mixtures were compared. It has been found that replacing wheat flour with a gluten-free flour mixture generally improves the properties of gingerbread. We determined the rational ratio of gluten-free flour ingredients for the production of gingerbread CF:MF:PSF - 35:35:30.