Remote Sensing Approach for Monitoring Coastal Wetland in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Change Trends and Their Driving Forces

Coastal wetlands in the Mekong Delta (MD), Vietnam, provide various vital ecosystem services for the region. These wetlands have experienced critical changes due to the increase in regional anthropogenic activities, global climate change, and the associated sea level rise (SLR). However, documented information and research on the dynamics and drivers of these important wetland areas remain limited for the region. The present study aims to determine the long-term dynamics of wetlands in the south-west coast of the MD using remote sensing approaches, and analyse the potential factors driving these dynamics. Wetland maps from the years 1995, 2002, 2013, and 2020 at a 15 m spatial resolution were derived from Landsat images with the aid of a hybrid classification approach. The accuracy of the wetland maps was relatively high, with overall accuracies ranging from 86–93%. The findings showed that the critical changes over the period 1995/2020 included the expansion of marine water into coastal lands, showing 129% shoreline erosion; a remarkable increase of 345% in aquaculture ponds; and a reduction of forested wetlands and rice fields/other crops by 32% and 73%, respectively. Although mangrove forests slightly increased for the period 2013/2020, the overall trend was also a reduction of 5%. Our findings show that the substantial increase in aquaculture ponds is at the expense of mangroves, forested wetlands, and rice fields/other crops, while shoreline erosion significantly affected coastal lands, especially mangrove forests. The interaction of a set of environmental and socioeconomic factors were responsible for the dynamics. In particular, SLR was identified as one of the main underlying drivers; however, the rapid changes were directly driven by policies on land-use for economic development in the region. The trends of wetland changes and SLR implicate their significant effects on environment, natural resources, food security, and likelihood of communities in the region sustaining for the long-term. These findings can assist in developing and planning appropriate management strategies and policies for wetland protection and conservation, and for sustainable development in the region.

Soybean Performance on Types of Compose and Dosage of Urea Fertilizer in Coastal Lands of Bengkulu

Salah satu upaya peningkatan produksi kedelai di Bengkulu melalui pemanfaatan lahan pesisir. Perbaikan lahan pesisir dilakukan dengan menambahkan pupuk kompos. Agar terpenuhinya kebutuhan hara bagi tanaman kedelai di lahan pesisir perlu kombinasi antara pupuk kompos dan urea. Penelitian itu bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaan kedelai pada pemberian berbagai jenis pupuk kompos dan dosis urea serta menentukan jenis kompos dan dosis urea terbaik pada lahan pesisir. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juli-Agustus 2020. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan RAKL 2 faktor dan 3 ulangan, faktor pertama jenis pupuk kompos: P1=Widelia trilobata; P2=Tithonia diversivolia; P3= Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS), P4=Eceng gondok. Faktor kedua yaitu dosis pupuk Urea: N0=0 kg.ha-1, N1=25 kg.ha-1, N2=50 kg.ha-1, N3 = 75 kg.ha-1. Kedelai yang digunakan adalah varietas Direng 1. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa jenis pupuk kompos dan dosis pupuk urea tidak berbeda nyata pada variabel keragaan tanaman kedelai. Pemberian 4 jenis pupuk kompos sebanyak 10 ton.ha-1 di lahan pesisir menunjukkan pertumbuhan yang kurang baik dan hasil sedikit. Pupuk kompos Thitonia memberikan hasil paling tinggi sebanyak 0,5 ton.ha-1 dan sebanyak 0,48 ton.ha-1 pada pemberian urea 75 kg.ha-1. Hasil kedelai masih sangat rendah sehingga perlu peningkatan dosis urea dua kali lipat di lahan pesisir. Kata kunci : Direng 1, kompos, lahan pesisir dan urea

The Development of the Catholic Cathedral Building-type at Bishoprics’ Towns on the Baltic Sea Southern Coast during the 13th – 14th Centuries

The oldest Catholic cathedral is the five-nave Archbasilica of St. John in Lateran erected in Rome, but the Lateran Palace (Latin: Palatium Apostolicum Lateranense) was given as a present to Bishop (Latin: episcopus) of Rome for his residence (from 4th until 14th cent.). The perimeter building set up the structural complex of L-shaped layout where the Lateran Castle and the Archbasilica were included. In Western Europe largest cities were also archbishoprics’ centres, in which neighbourhood Catholic church-states, or bishoprics were founded. Local conditions and relationships between the ruler and inhabitants determined the development of Christianity centres. Its main structural objects included in the fortified building complex were the Catholic cathedral which altarpiece (Latin: presbyterium) by the main altar was turned toward the east facing the rising sun, headquarters of the Canonical Chapter (German: Domkapitel) and Bishop's strong fortified residence resembled a lower tower, or a palace separated from the town, or built outside the town. In the late 12th century, bishoprics began to establish on the Baltic Sea southern coast at subjugated lands of the Balts and the Baltic Finns. At bishoprics’ centres Bishops’ fortified yards (German: der Bischofshof) were formed. A housing combined with a sacral structure was included in the perimeter building around the spacious court and integrated into the unified defensive system of the structural complex. In Riga, the Germans established centres of secular and spiritual power, as well as the main military economic base for the Baltics’ expansion. The political and economic dualism was created. The representation of civil authority became the third alternative force. Each of centres characterized by its own structural elements. The main cult building for city inhabitants was the church of citizen’s parish. Research problem: the development of the Catholic cathedral building-type in bishoprics’ towns on the southern bank of the Baltic Sea during the 13th – 14th centuries has been studied insufficiently. Research topicality: the impact of cathedral building complexes on formation of medieval urban structures on the Baltic Sea south coastal lands during the 13th – 14th centuries. Research goal: analysis of the structure and layout of Catholic cathedrals in Livonia and the Prussians’ lands to determine common and diverse features. Research novelty: evolution of the layout and structure of Catholic cathedrals on lands inhabited by the Baltic ethnic groups have been analysed in regional and European context. Results: study formation of the Catholic cathedrals’ layout and structure on the Baltic Sea south coastal lands during the 13th – 14th centuries. Main methods: inspection of cathedrals in nature, analysis of archive documents, projects, cartographic materials.

Regression Model in Transitional Geological Environment For Calculation Farming and Production of Oil Palm Dominant Factor in Indragiri Hilir Riau Province

Palm oil commodity is plantation sub-sector commodity which can increase the income of farmers and communities, providers of raw material processing industries that create added value. Cultivated by smallholders self consists of land area, peatlands tidal, coastal peatlands and coastal lands. Differences typology of this land will contribute to the different productions. Generally, this study aimed to analyze the factors of production and farming oil palm, according to the typology of land Specifically aimed to analyze the production and cultivation of oil palm as well as the dominant factor affecting the production Kalapa smallholders' according to the typology of the land and to formulate policy implications of oil palm development patterns of the people in Indragiri Hilir in Riau province. To answer this research analyzed with descriptive statistics and build a multiple regression model with dummy variables Ordinary Least Square method (OLS). Memperlihatan research results that palm oil production and farming on land typology highest compared with tidal peat, peat coast, and coastal lands. Oil palm farming income on a non-pattern land typology best compared with other lands (peat tides, coastal peatlands, and coastal land). The dominant factor affecting the production of palm oil in Indragiri Hilir is the amount of fertilizer, labor, plant age, herbicides, and soil typology dummy land. Policy Implications development of oil palm plantation in Indragiri Hilir in order to increase production, productivity and farm income oil palm can be through the construction of roads production, provision of means of production and palm oil processing industry to shorten the distance and shorten the time of transport that TBS of oil palm plantations to the factory. Furthermore, the use of fertilizers, labor and land typology is very responsive to TBS production. Therefore, in the farming of oil palm cultivation should follow the recommended technical.