Peroneal Stabilization Via Tightening of the Peroneal Tendon Sheath

Peroneal subluxation is a rare but debilitating pathology that can be the result of a superior peroneal retinaculum tear or intrasheath laxity. On clinical examination of both cases, the pathology is observed when the ankle is circumducted in eversion and dorsiflexion. With a superior peroneal retinaculum tear, the tendons dislocate from the peroneal groove, whereas with intrasheath laxity the tendons remain in the groove. In the present case series, peroneal stabilization was performed for both superior peroneal retinaculum tear and intrasheath laxity. With our technique, the fibro-osseous connections of the peroneal tendon sheath are detached from the distal one third of the fibula. Drill holes are made through the fibula for suture to be passed through and the peroneal tendon sheath is reattached to the fibula through horizontal mattress sutures via pants over vest technique to restore tension to the sheath. A total of 5 patients underwent peroneal stabilization, 100% (5/5) of which had preoperative pain with palpation along the peroneal tendons and a palpable click with range of motion of the ankle joint. Postoperatively, 100% (5/5) of the patients were fully weight-bearing, compared to 60% (3/5) preoperatively. No patients had residual subluxation of the peroneal tendons postoperatively or a need for revisional surgery. Residual peroneal tendonitis was present in 20% (1/5) of patients and sural neuritis occurred in 20% (1/5) of patients. The peroneal tendons are physiologically tightened within the peroneal tendon sheath to mitigate the pathologic subluxation, without sacrificing tendons for transfer or using allograft material. Clinical Level of Evidence: Therapeutic, Case Series, Level 4

Mineral lithotype identification on the andrill AND-2A drillcore, antarctica by using ternary mineral rock physics templates built from a self-consistent approach

In this work, wet bulk density ?WBD and compressional wave velocity VP core log data obtained along the AND-2A drillcore are plotted on density-velocity ternary mineral Rock Physics Templates (RPTs) built from a Self-Consistent (SC) micromechanics modelling with the purpose to deter- mine data trends that allow us to assist in identifying mineral lithotypes and lithological features throughout the 1138 m length of the drillcore. The elastic properties of the three dominant miner- als present in the drillcore (mixed clays, quartz, and calcite) and the pore-filling fluid (brine) were used as input data for the SC model. The interpreted lithology is then compared to that obtained from the analysis of the AND-2A drillcore ?WBD and VP log data using Gardner type density-velocity cross plots. Results from both the SC and Gardner methods are in good agreement with the main lithologies present in the AND-2A drillcore already reported in the scientific literature. Our findings also agree well when compared to the lithological description of six selected rock samples obtained at different depths on the AND-2A drillcore. These results suggest that the proposed SC approach could be helpful to assist to identify lithology in scientific drill holes where downhole elastic proper- ties may exist over intervals where portions of the drillcore were not recovered. Furthermore, even when elastic property data sets come from measurements on cores, the SC approach is likewise useful because, from visual analysis alone, lithology can sometimes be difficult to determine, and additional information from the analysis of the elastic properties may provide more insight.

Ore Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Dating (Re-Os, Ar-Ar) of the El Volcán Porphyry/Epithermal System, Maricunga Gold Belt, Northern Chile

The El Volcán gold project (8.9 Moz Au @ 0.71 g/t Au) is located in the Maricunga gold belt in northern Chile, on the flank of the large Cenozoic Copiapó Volcanic Complex. Precious metal mineralization is hosted in two zones (Dorado and Ojo de Agua) of (pervasively) altered Miocene porphyry intrusions and lava flows of andesitic to rhyolitic composition, and in breccias. The ore zones reflect an evolving magmatic-hydrothermal system with mineral assemblages of magnetite-ilmenite-pyrite-molybdenite (early), bornite-chalcopyrite-pyrite-rutile (stage I), chalcocite-chalcopyrite-enargite-fahlore-pyrite (stage II), and chalcopyrite-covellite-pyrite (stage III). Alteration is dominantly of Maricunga-style (illite-smectite-chlorite ± kaolinite), partly obscured by quartz-kaolinite-alunite ± illite ± smectite alteration. Powdery quartz-alunite-kaolinite alteration with native sulfur and cinnabar forms shallow steam-heated zones. Early K-feldspar ± biotite alteration is preserved only in small porphyry cores and in deep drill holes. Most gold is submicrometer size and is in banded quartz veinlets, which are characteristic of the Maricunga gold belt. However, some gold is disseminated in zones of pervasive quartz-kaolinite-alunite alteration, with and without banded quartz veinlets. Minor visible gold is related to disseminated chalcocite-chalcopyrite-enargite-fahlore-pyrite. The lithogeochemical database identifies a pronounced Au-Te-Re signature (>100× bulk crust) of the hydrothermal system. Molybdenum-rich bulk rock (100–400 ppm Mo) has an Re-Os age of 10.94 ± 0.17 Ma (2σ). 40Ar-39Ar ages on deep K-feldspar alteration and on alunite altered rock have the same age within error and yield a combined age of 11.20 ± 0.25 Ma (2σ). The formation of the El Volcán gold deposit took place during the establishment of the Chilean flat-slab setting in a time of increasing crustal thickness when hydrous magmas were formed in a mature arc setting. The vigorous nature of the hydrothermal system is expressed by abundant one-phase vapor fluid inclusions recording magmatic vapor streaming through a large rock column with a vertical extent of ≥1,500 m.

Complex Patellofemoral Reconstruction for Recurrent Instability

Background: Patellofemoral instability is due to a combination of bony and soft tissue factors. While recurrent patellar dislocations are rare, evaluation and treatment of these conditions require addressing patellar height and lateralization of the tibial tubercle (TT), restraint to lateral patellar subluxation, and trochlear dysplasia. Other factors to consider are coronal limb-length alignment outside of the physiologic 5 to 8° of valgus, which may significantly alter the Q angle and contribute to lateral instability. Other ligaments around the patella contribute to soft-tissue restraint, including the medial and lateral patellotibial ligaments, patellomeniscal ligaments, and the medial quadriceps tendon femoral ligament. Patellar tilt is assessed with and without quadriceps contraction to further evaluate the patella’s relationship to the trochlear groove. The Caton-Deschamps Index, as well as patellar trochlear index (PTI), are used to measure patellar height for patella alta or baja. Technique Description: The technique is to surgically manage a patient in neutral mechanical alignment on standing limb radiographs, with moderate-to-severe DeJour type B trochlear dysplasia and a trochlear sulcus angle of around 145°, patella alta with a Caton-Deschamps Index of 1.6 and PTI of 0.22, a TT to trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance of 8 mm, and a deficient medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL). The MPFL reconstruction is done first, with harvesting of the ipsilateral quadriceps tendon and maintenance of its distal attachment on the superior patellar pole. The quadriceps tendon graft is folded medially upon its distal attachment and fixed in this position with suture anchors. Tibial tubercle osteotomy is accomplished by spacing drill holes 2 mm apart, medially and laterally, on the TT and connecting the drill holes with an osteotome and reciprocating saw. A distalized location to secure the TT is selected and superficial bone is excised. A medial parapatellar arthrotomy is performed, and bur attachments are used to drill into the subchondral bone beneath the femoral articular surface to create a V-shaped flap of trochlear cartilage. An arthroscope is inserted under the trochlear flap during this process to visualize the appropriate depth. The trochlear flap is then secured with screws passed over guide pins to secure the flap to the desired location. Cannulated screws and washers are then used to secure the TT to its distalized and/or medialized position, with fluoroscopic verification of screw depth and location. The arthrotomy is then closed with the knee at 45°. The quadriceps graft is passed through a subretinacular channel and secured with suture anchors, adjacent to the adductor tubercle, to complete the MPFL reconstruction. Before closure, appropriate tracking and translation of the patella is verified. Results: Sulcus-deepening trochleoplasty, with or without MPFL reconstruction, has been reported to obtain satisfactory outcomes at 2 years, with close to 85% return to sport and 100% return to work, with improvements in International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores from 50.8 to 79.1 in some studies. MPFL reconstruction with tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) has yielded a 94.5% patient satisfaction rate in the literature. Discussion/Conclusion: In patients with recurrent patellar instability and DeJour types B-D trochlear dysplasia, MPFL reconstruction with TTO and sulcus-deepening trochleoplasty provides excellent subjective outcomes and restores patellar tracking with elimination of recurrent subluxation.

Objective Domain Boundaries Detection in New Caledonian Nickel Laterite from Spectra Using Quadrant Scan

Modelling of 3D domain boundaries using information from drill holes is a standard procedure in mineral exploration and mining. Manual logging of drill holes can be difficult to exploit as the results may not be comparable between holes due to the subjective nature of geological logging. Exploration and mining companies commonly collect geochemical or mineralogical data from diamond drill core or drill chips; however, manual interpretation of multivariate data can be slow and challenging; therefore, automation of any of the steps in the interpretation process would be valuable. Hyperspectral analysis of drill chips provides a relatively inexpensive method of collecting very detailed information rapidly and consistently. However, the challenge of such data is the high dimensionality of the data’s variables in comparison to the number of samples. Hyperspectral data is usually processed to produce mineral abundances generally involving a range of assumptions. This paper presents the results of testing a new fast and objective methodology to identify the lithological boundaries from high dimensional hyperspectral data. This method applies a quadrant scan analysis to recurrence plots. The results, applied to nickel laterite deposits from New Caledonia, demonstrate that this method can identify transitions in the downhole data. These are interpreted as reflecting mineralogical changes that can be used as an aid in geological logging to improve boundary detection.

THE APPLICATION OF THE SEMIPARAMETRIC GSTAR MODEL IN DETERMINING GAMMA-RAY LOG DATA ON SOIL LAYERS

This research examines the semiparametric Generalized Space-Time Autoregressive (GSTAR) spacetime modeling and determines its spatial weight. In general, the spatial weights used are uniform, binary weights, and based on the distance, the result is a fixed weight. The GSTAR model is a stochastic model that takes into account its random variables. Thus, it is necessary to study the random spatial weights. This study introduced a new method to estimate the observed value of the GSTAR model semiparametric with a uniform kernel. The data involved the Gamma Ray (GR) log data on four coal drill holes. The semiparametric GSTAR modeling aimed to predict the amount of log GR in the unobserved soil layer based on the observation data information on the layer above it and its surrounding location. The results revealed that semiparametric GSTAR modeling could predict the presence of coal seams and their thickness of drill holes. The results also highlight the validity test on the out-sample data that the error in each borehole results in a small error. In addition, the error tends to approach the actual observed value at a depth of 1 meter down.

Hydrochemical Characterization of Nabeghlavi Underground Mineral Waters

Georgia is rich in groundwater deposits, which renew over time and are characterized by the best indicators of water quality and a stable regime. Groundwater is one of the main natural productive forces of Georgia, which plays an important role in the economic development and export industry. During 2015–2020, chemical composition of the Nabeghlavi mineral waters has been studied by the means of the modern unified methods. Almost all data from previous chemical analyzes have also been retrieved and systematized/collated. Using mathematical statistical analysis, the maximum, minimum, and mean arithmetic values of the major and specific components of water and the empirical deviation from the arithmetic mean have been calculated. Though comparison of the recent and historic data on chemical composition, based on the results of statistical analysis of the major ions, the natural fluctuation limits of the waters and stability of waters from all exploitation drill holes have been shown. According to the chemical composition and total mineralization there are three groups of waters in fresh and low mineralized category. It is shown that chemical composition of water from all exploitation drill holes meets requirements for the natural mineral water category, both the normative document of Georgia and directive of the European Commission.

An Overview of Hydrogeological Works at Nabeghlavi Mineral Water Deposit and Replenishment of the Natural Resources of the Deposit by Atmospheric Precipitation

Mineral waters are very important resources of the country. Their moderate consumption and protection is possible through sustainable and efficient management. The paper presents an overview of hydrogeological works carried out on the Nabeghlavi carbonic mineral water deposit. Information on calculation of the natural resource replenishment coefficient with atmospheric precipitation based on the hydrogeological and meteorological data and characterization of geological-technical condition of exploitation drill holes is described. Coefficient of replenishment of the Nabeghlavi mineral water resources with infiltrated atmospheric precipitation has been determined by Darcy’s method. According to the reference historic data, back in 1986, the magnitude of the coefficient was 25,307 m3/ day, whereas in 2000-2020 it has equated 28,125 m3/day. Conventional average of these values made 26,715 m3/day, which is 90 times higher than the current approved operating reserve (296 m3/day) of the deposit.

BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF THE SAN-PEDRO MARGIN OF DRILL HOLES K1 AND K2 OF BLOCK KL: PALEOENVIRONMENT IMPLICATION

The KL block studies was carried out the eastern part of the San Pedro margin, it has an area of 2034 km2 with a water depth varying from 500 to 2750 m with two probings (K1 and K2).The objective of this work is to carry out a biostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental study based on the associations of planktonic and palynomorphicmicrofauna in the formations of the KL block boreholes. From a lithological point of view, the base of the boreholes generally comprises alternating limestone and argillite, very fine to fine grained quartz sandstone. Its upper part is overlain by claystoneinterbedded with limestone, silstone and siliceous cemented sandstone and alternating claystone, medium to coarse grained sand and siliceous cemented quartz sandstone. The Albian is determined by the presence of the species Ticinellamadecassiana. The Cenomanian is identified by the micropalaeontological assemblages composed of Globigerinelloides spp., Guembelitria spp., Hedbergella spp., Hedbergelladelrioensis, Globigerinelloides bentonensisandLoeblichella cf. hessi. The Turonian is based mainly on the species Hedbergellaplanispira, Heterohelixmoremani and Whiteinella archaeocretacea. The Early Senonian is characterized by associations of species (Hedbergellasp, Hedbergella cf. delrioensis, Buliminacrassa and Whiteinella baltica) and palynomorphs (Proteaciditestienabaensis, Odontochitinacostata, Odontochitinaporiferaand Tricolpites sp). The roof of the Campanian is known by the association of the palynomorph (Trichodinium castanae) and the microfossil (Gaudryina cretacea) The Maastrichtian is highlighted by the associations composed of species Rzehakina epigona fissistomata, Rzehakina minima, Plectina lenis, Reophax duplex, Reophax pilulifera, Reophax globosus, Gaudryina pyramidata and Afrobolivina afra) and palynomorphic species (Andalusiella gabonensis, Cerodinium granulostriatum and Palaeocystodinium australinium). All the micropalaeontological data coupled with those of the microfaunas make it possible to envisage a depositional environment of the internal platform type with continental influence on an external platform.

Preliminary Study of Scandium Enrichment in Lateritic Profile from Weathered Ultramafic Rock in Lapaopao Area Kolaka Regency of Southeast Sulawesi

Scandium is one of the rare earth elements which is currently widely used for various needs such as the aerospace industry, solid oxide fuel cells, electronics industry and in metallurgical applications. Generally, Scandium appears in small amounts so its structural role in the host minerals cannot be readily identified. Some studies reported the scandium extraction from lateritic nickel deposit where may contain considerable amount of scandium in addition to nickel and cobalt. Preliminary research of scandium enrichment has been investigated from the ultramafik rock indicates that an enrichment of scandium concentration was found in the red limonite. The aim of this study was to investigate the potentially enrichment of scandium mineral from nickel laterite in Lapaopao Area. There are a total of 38 samples from 1 (one) diamond drill holes which represent the limonite, saprolite and bedrock profiles have been collected and studied to investigate the distribution pattern of Sc grades within the lateritic profile. These samples are being analized by XRF for major and minor element and ICP-OES method for rare earth element assaying. The study has confirmed that scandium is enriched in limonite layer of weathered ultramafic laterite profile. The scandium content from the ultramafic bedrock is 15 ppm and has enriched until 81 ppm of scandium in the limonite layer.