Implementation of Trade-off, Local Component, and Offset Policy Pt. Pindad (Persero) in Supporting the Defense Economy

The fundamental problems in economic development in Indonesia are the low level of welfare, unsustainable economic growth, and the inadequate development process of economic sectors. Defense Economics is a branch of science that applies economics to national defense issues. Defense economics as a multidisciplinary study discusses resource allocation, income distribution, economic growth, and political stability as applied to topics related to defense. One of the efforts of the Indonesian government in increasing the capability of the defense industry is to implement a trade-off, local component, and offset policy also known as IDKLO. The Indonesian government in carrying out this mechanism has formed a cooperation with various industrial bodies, locally and internationally such as PT. Pindad (Persero). In carrying out its duties, PT. Pindad (Persero) experienced several obstacles for instance the limitations on the company's high technology mastery in building defense equipment, the availability of funding, and inadequate human resources regarding technical and academic matters. The purpose of this study was to find out how the implementation of the IDKLO policy was carried out by PT. Pindad (Persero) in developing the defense industry. The data collection process is carried out through a literature review method on scientific articles, laws and regulations, as well as PT Pindad's (Persero) annual report related to the IDKLO for the procurement of defense equipment. The results show that the implementation of PT Pindad's (Persero) (IDKLO) is divided into 3 main activities, namely the Ministry of Defense contract with the principal, the principal contract with the defense industry, and the completion of the local component and offsets (KLO) contract. Several variables to support the implementation of PT Pindad’s (Persero) IDKLO are the ability to communicate, its resources, the bureaucracy, and the disposition which could improve the capability of the defense industry of the Republic of Indonesia.

Weyl consistency conditions from a local Wilsonian cutoff

A local UV cutoff $$\Lambda (x)$$ Λ ( x ) transforming under Weyl rescalings allows to construct Weyl invariant kinetic terms for scalar fields including Wilsonian cutoff functions. First we consider scalar fields in curved space-time with local bare couplings of any canonical dimension, and anomalous dimensions which describe their dependence on the UV cutoff. The local component of the UV cutoff plays the role of an additional coupling, albeit with a trivial constant $$\beta $$ β function. This approach allows to derive Weyl consistency conditions for the corresponding anomalous dimensions which assume the form of an exact gradient flow. For renormalizable theories the Weyl consistency conditions are initially of the form of an approximate gradient flow for the $$\beta $$ β functions, and we derive conditions under which it becomes the form of an exact gradient flow.

Separation of tectonic and local components of horizontal GPS station velocities: a case study for glacial isostatic adjustment in East Antarctica

SUMMARY Accurate measurement of the local component of geodetic motion at GPS stations presents a challenge due to the need to separate this signal from the tectonic plate rotation. A pressing example is the observation of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) which constrains the Earth’s response to ice unloading, and hence, contributions of ice-covered regions such as Antarctica to global sea level rise following ice mass loss. While both vertical and horizontal motions are of interest in general, we focus on horizontal GPS velocities which typically contain a large component of plate rotation and a smaller local component primarily relating to GIA. Incomplete separation of these components introduces significant bias into estimates of GIA motion vectors. We present the results of a series of tests based on the motions of GPS stations from East Antarctica: (1) signal separation for sets of synthetic data that replicate the geometric character of non-separable, and separable, GIA-like horizontal velocities; and (2) signal separation for real GPS station data with an appraisal of uncertainties. For both synthetic and real motions, we compare results where the stations are unweighted, and where each station is areal-weighted using a metric representing the inverse of the spatial density of neighbouring stations. From the synthetic tests, we show that a GIA-like signal is recoverable from the plate rotation signal providing it has geometric variability across East Antarctica. We also show that areal-weighting has a very significant effect on the ability to recover a GIA-like signal with geometric variability, and hence on separating the plate rotation and local components. For the real data, assuming a rigid Antarctic plate, fitted plate rotation parameters compare well with other studies in the literature. We find that 25 out of 36 GPS stations examined in East Antarctica have non-zero local horizontal velocities, at the 2σ level, after signal separation. We make the code for weighted signal separation available to assist in the consistent appraisal of separated signals, and the comparison of likely uncertainty bounds, for future studies.

Khongodors: Problems of Origin of the Ethnonym and Formation of the Buryat Tribe

The article is devoted to the consideration of the ethnonym origins and the formation of the Buryat tribe “Khongodor”. The study of this topic is one of the current problems, the resolution of which can clarify some unknown aspects of the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Buryats, as well as the origin of its separate local component. This article presents a new version, according to which the emergence of the ethnonym of the Buryat tribe was associated with ethnopolitical processes that took place in the early Buryat community. And this ethnopolitical community was dominated by Bulagats. This was indicated by the etymological analysis of the ethnonym “Khongodor” and the names of the main genera. These names indicate the dependent position of the bearers of these names on the leading Association. It explains the formation of the generic kernel Khongodors presented by these two groups. Its ethnic basis is based on the Oirat component, known in the Buryat tradition as “Segenut” or “Olet”. This ethnic element is also characterized by the presence of a Turkic admixture. This proves the Mongol origin of the Khongodor core. It was part of the early inhabitants of the Western Baikal region and did not represent a tribal formation during the period of Bulagat domination. Changes in the ethnic history of the Khongodors occur in the second half of the 17th century. This aspect is connected with the external factors – the military and political influence of the Russian state and the migration of Mongolian groups to the territory of Buryatia. All this had an impact on the internal structure of the Buryat community. The study proves that due to the Russian influence, which caused a violation of established ties within the Buryat community, conditions for the formation of an ethnolocal Khongodor association arose. From the Khongodors and Mongol groups (Khotogouts, Torgouts, Zungars), the Russian authorities organized an administrative formation that gave rise to the tribal formation. In the process of living together on the same administrative territory, they become aware of unity and form a common genealogical relationship. They take a common name and form a tribe. All this happened in the 18–19th centuries.