ESTIMATION OF MEADOW CLOVER VARIETIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE MIDDLE URALS

Meadow clover remains the main forage crop in the middle Urals with great potential. An urgent problem is the development and improvement of the technology of this crop cultivation, including the search for adapted varieties. The aim of the research is to estimate the fodder and seed productivity recommended by the originators of meadow clover varieties of Russian and foreign selection VIK 77, Diplo, Lestris, Ranniy 2, Kudesnik in the Middle Ural region. The studies were carried out in 2017-2019 in the forest-steppe zone of the Udmurt Republic on sod-medium-podzolic medium loamy soil. The Dymkovsky variety included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements in the Volga-Vyatka region was used as a standard. Clover varieties were sown in 2017, comprehensive study in 2018-2019. The meteorological conditions of the growing seasons during the study years were different: 2017 and 2019 - over moistened (hydrothermal coefficient – 1.97 and 1.73), 2018 - dry (hydrothermal coefficient – 0.89). Winter hardiness of meadow clover varieties was estimated at 4.5 points. Varieties Diplo, Lestris and Ranniy 2 reached mowing ripeness in 58-63 days, varieties Dymkovsky, VIK 77 and Kudesnik – in 66-70 days. The varieties Diplo, Ranniy 2 and Kudesnik provided a dry matter yield of 6.2-6.8 t/ha, on average for two years of using meadow clover grass-stand. The highest yield of metabolizable energy (51.2 and 55.0 GJ/ha), digestible protein (0.44 and 0.46 t/ha) and feed units (3.79 and 4.09 thousand feed units/ha) was found in the standard variety Dymkovskiy and the tetraploid variety Kudesnik. Seed productivity of cultivars of meadow clover of the 1st year of use was at the level of 137-314 kg/ha, the highest - 314 kg/ha in the standard variety Dymkovsky

Medicinal flora of the Middle Urals – a prospective source of obtaining medicines

Introduction. Medicinal plant raw materials are one of the most important sources of herbal remedies used both for the prevention and treatment of a number of diseases [1, 2]. Even with the development of modern science and chemistry, medicinal plant raw materials are widely used in both folk and official medicine. The advantage of medicinal plants is their wide range of biological activity, low toxicity and the possibility of long-term use without significant side effects. Human economic activity has a noticeable negative effect on the condition of wild-growing plants: their stocks are decreasing, and some species disappear altogether. Today, given the high level of development of industry and agriculture, the procurement of raw materials for wild medicinal plants is not always possible. Information on the quantitative assessment of the raw material base of wild medicinal plants in the Middle Urals, the content of biologically active substances in medicinal plant raw materials is partially outdated, which determines the need for their systemic resource study and chemical-pharmacognostic study.Aim. Comprehensive assessment of the state of populations of wild medicinal plants in the Middle Urals.Materials and methods. Determination of stocks of raw materials of the studied species of medicinal plants was carried out on specific thickets according to the generally accepted method. The authenticity of the raw materials was established by a macroscopic method when collecting raw material samples. In the course of the study, samples of medicinal plant materials of 5 types were prepared. The determination and assessment of the main indicators of the good quality of medicinal plant raw materials (the content of active and extractive substances, moisture in the mass upon drying, total ash and ash insoluble in a 10% solution of hydrochloric acid) was carried out according to the methods and requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation XIV edition. In the raw materials Artemisiae absinthii herba and Leonuri herba, the amount of extractives was determined by the gravimetric method. The quantitative assessment of the content of essential oil in the samples of Origani vulgaris herba and Tanaceti vulgaris flores was carried out by the method of hydrodistillation. To determine the quantitative content of the sum of flavonoids in Hyperici herba, Artemisiae absinthii herba, Leonuri herba and the sum of flavonoids and phenolcarboxylic acids in Tanaceti vulgaris flores, a spectrophotometric method was used.Results and discussion. In the course of resource and phytochemical studies of representatives of the medicinal flora of the Middle Urals, a comprehensive assessment of the state of populations of wild medicinal plants – sources of medicinal plant raw materials (Origani vulgaris herba, Hyperici herba, Tanaceti vulgaris flores, Artemisiae absinthii herba and Leonuri herba) was carried out. The results are included in the electronic inventory of wild medicinal plants of the Middle Urals.Conclusion. The conducted complex of studies will allow updating information about the medicinal flora of the Middle Urals in order to use raw materials for the creation of medicines.

Breeding-oriented evaluation of the progeny of cv. ‘Papirovka tetraploidnaya’ in the Middle Urals

One of the most promising trends in apple breeding is polyploidy. Triploid cultivars show higher fruiting stability and increased self-fertility. The easiest way to obtain triploids is to cross diploid and tetraploid cultivars among themselves. The main limiting factor in this case is a restricted number of initial tetraploid forms whose characteristics affect the quality and prospects of the resulting hybrid progeny.The staff of Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station in the Middle Urals produced and analyzed 5 hybrid families using cv. ‘Papirovka tetraploidnaya’ as the paternal source; the latter’s pollen was supplied by Acad. E. N. Sedov from the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding. Ninety hybrid seedlings were studied.The study showed that ‘Papirovka tetraploidnaya’ with a high degree of probability conveyed the following traits to its progeny: large fruit size, fruit ripening in early summer, midsummer and autumn, loose or medium density of coarse fruit flesh, and nonoutstanding fruit taste (scoring 3.8–4.2 points).

Growth and Productivity of Non-Indigenous Woody Species in the Middle Urals

Climate warming has been recorded over the last decades. The air temperature in Yekaterinburg has been rising since the 1930s. Temperatures dropped sharply in 1940–1949, then rose sharply and fell again, especially in 1967–1968, when many large introduced species considered to be adapted died: Phellodendron amurense Rupr. and Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lindl.) Britt. Due to the cyclical nature of weather conditions, it was necessary to assess the features of adaptation and state of the introduced plants in recent years. Snowless autumn and winter, temperatures above zero in early spring are unfavourable for many species, especially or conifers. Thus, in 2014 much snow fell on October 16 and melted in 2 weeks, temperatures below zero did not afford plants to prepare for the winter; in March 2015 the temperature rose up to +10 °C while the ground temperature was below zero for a long time. As a result of physiological dryness 100 % of specimens of variegated forms of northern white cedar Thuja occidentalis L. `Ellwangeriana Aurea`, `Ericoides` died. In other forms the leafage died to the snow cover level and recovered after abundant rains: `Aurea spicata`, `Gold Pearl`, `Golden Globe`, `Lutescens`, `Semperaurea` and `Wareana Lutescens`. Due to a steady increase in the sum of positive temperatures and reaching a certain age, many conifer species entered the fruiting stage and gave self-seeding: Pinus peuce Grieseb, Pinus strobus L., Picea canadensis (Mill.) Britt. et al., Picea pungens Engelm., Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lindl.) Britt., and Abies sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Mast. In the warmest year of 2016, the latter gave an abundant yield – red-brown cones with protruding seed scales; a strong wind dropped them all. They remained under the snow for the winter and did not crumble (probably, the fruits were unripe), so Abies sachalinensis was mistaken for Keteleeria fortunei (A. Murray bis) Carrière), which has cones that do not crumble. Unusual flowering was observed in Crataegus oxyacantha L. `Rosea Plena`, Mespilus germanica L., Syringa reflexa C.K.Schneid, Hamamelis virginiana L. With the rise in average annual temperatures, the number of years with abnormal weather conditions increased and the condition of some plants deteriorated. For citation: Semkina L.A., Tishkina E.A. Growth and Productivity of Non-Indigenous Woody Species in the Middle Urals. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 100–109. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-100-109

GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES OF RING STRUCTURES FOR THE SEARCH FOR OIL AND GAS DEPOSITS

The purpose of this work is to show the possibilities of regional geomorphological and geological-geophysical methods for studying the tectonic and geomorphological features of the structure of central-type ring structures on the territory of the Middle Urals (Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Bashkiria, Kirov Region) and adjacent regions of the Komi-Permyat Autonomous Region, allowing to study the oil and gas prospects of these territories. According to the results of geological and geophysical interpretation of the data of magnetic exploration, gravity exploration and heat flow, the deep structure of the root inhomogeneities of the Voy-Vozhsky ring geomorphological structure of the central type, one of the analyzed in the territory of the Middle Urals, is shown. It is assumed that the intersection points of tectonic faults of the Earth's crust (geomorphological liniments) located in the side zones of circular geomorphological structures of the central type on the territory of the Middle Urals and adjacent regions can be promising objects of geological and geophysical research in search of oil deposits. Gas fields can be confined to the central zones ("pipes" of mantle degassing) of circular geomorphological structures of the central type.

Assessment of the Macro- and Microelement Composition of Fly Ash from 50-Year-Old Ash Dumps in the Middle Urals (Russia)

The paper considers the macro- and micro- element composition of two ash dumps in the Middle Urals, where meadow and forest communities have been spontaneously forming for 50 years, as well as the effect of the plants on the changing composition of the ash. Higher contents of Cu, Co, Sn, Ga, and Yb were found in the deep ash layers of both dumps, while in the upper 20-cm layer, the trace element composition depended on the influence of different plant communities. Higher contents of Sr, Cr, Ni, Sn, and Co were revealed under meadows, and Ba, Zr, and La were found under the forest. The levels of element accumulation in the aboveground and underground parts of dominant plants were revealed. Increased content of Be, Ce, Ga, La, Sc, Y, and Yb was detected in areas where meadow plants were dominant and Zn and Ba in forest areas. The toxic elements Cd and Pb were highly accumulated in both communities, whereas Co was found only in meadows. The studied materials can serve as a base to assess the feasibility of processing and/or utilizing fly ash from ash dumps in the Middle Urals and similar ash dumps in other regions situated in the southern taiga.

JEWELRY FOR TEMPLES IN THE SHAPE OF THE MOON FROM THE TERRITORY OF THE MIDDLE URALS IN THE MIDDLE AGES

In the period of the X-XIII centuries, among certain groups of the Finno-Ugric population, head ornaments in the shape of the moon were widely used. Among them are a group of silver products made decorated with gilding, triangles of granules, rows of filigree wires, and, often, inserts of stones or glass and beads strung on the sides of the shackle. Techniques and methods of their production are considered. Techniques and methods of decorating products are considered. The product distribution areas are also highlighted. This is the Vetluzhsko-Vyatka territory, the territories of the Northern and Middle Urals, Trans-Urals and Western Siberia. Two centers of their production are allocated. The first in the Udmurt Urals. The second in the Permian Urals. Each had its own characteristics: in form, manufacture and decoration. However, their products are united by a single design style. Also, their products are united by common technical techniques. This indicates the common roots of the origin of jewelry traditions. This also indicates a high level of development of the jewelry craft.

ADAPTABILITY OF THORNY PLUM VARIETIES IN THE MIDDLE URALS

The purpose of attracting thorny plums (Prunus domestica subsp. insititia (Jusl.) Schneid) into the study is to obtain promising forms as a resource for creating adaptive varieties of the genus Prunus for the Middle Urals. In total, the genetic collection included the study of 42 varieties of thorny plums bred by the Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station, other scientific institutions, and folk breeding. The article contains data on the thorny plum varieties: Tagil, Iset (breeding of the Sverdlovsk Station), Ermak, Sergo(folk breeding) for the study period 2011-2020. The biological and economic assessment of new thorny plum varieties of is given. According to phenological observations, the varieties were characterized by a late flowering period (III decade of May) (which makes it possible to avoid recurrent frosts more often) and by a late ripening of fruits (III decade of September). As a result of a long-term assessment in cold winters (2010/11, 2011/12, 2013/14), it was found that the degree of freezing did not exceed two points, which characterized the varieties as winter-hardy. The yield for 10 years of fruiting averaged 95.7-139.2 c/ha. The maximum yield was obtained for the Tagil (388.3 c/ha in 2013) and Ermak (319.7 c/ha in 2011) varieties. Varieties Ermak, Sergo are classified as selffertile, varieties Tagil, Iset — as partially self-fertile. Fruit weight was 9-11 g. Fresh fruit tasting: Tagil, Ermak — 4.2 points, Iset, Sergo — 4.4 points. Evaluation of natural juice of varieties of thorny plums — 4.5 points, jam — 5 points. The varieties Tagil, Ermak, Iset, Sergo had high rates of chemical composition, including dry soluble substances — 18.90-21.34 %, anthocyanins — 211.80 — 335.03 mg/100 g, which determines their high value. The studies carried out indicate the prospects of introducing the thorny plum into the culture in the Middle Urals. Varieties Tagil, Ermak, Iset, Sergo can be recommended for production, amateur gardening, as well as sources of adaptive and economic traits for further breeding use.