Estimation and evaluation of medicinal efficacy of maximum inhibitory concentration of alkaloids extracted from Iraqi Cordia myxa leaves against some pathogenic bacteria

Cordia myxa is considered as one of traditional medicinal plants abundant in many countries including Iraq. Because of the healthy importance of this plant therefore the current research was established to extract the alkaloids from the its leaves with extraction percentage equal to 5.8% Preliminary qualitative detections were achieved for the alkaloids by using various chemical reagents. The medicinal efficacy of these alkaloids was determined depending on maximum inhibitory concentration (Max IC) which has value equal to 150 mg/ml and this concentration recorded inhibition zone diameters values equal to 30,22,26,25 and 30 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Proteus Sp. and klebsiella Sp. bacteria. So Cordia myxa leaves alkaloids can be used as natural chemical drug to treat the most infections and inflammatory caused by these pathogens.

Study of the Effect of Time Variations on the Leaching Process of Ferronickel Products from Mini Blast Furnace to Yield Elements of Fe, Ni, and Co for NiSO4.6H2O Synthesis

Indonesia, as one of the biggest contributor to air pollution, has a solution to replace petroleum-powered motorized vehicles with battery-powered electric vehicles (EVs). Indonesia has nickel reserves that can be used as one of the cathodes of a Li-ion battery called NMC. In this research, the author uses ferronickel ore from the smelting process of laterite nickel ore. Then ferronickel is leached to produce nickel sulfate. This research was conducted to determine the effect of variations in leaching time (2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours) on the extraction rate, extraction percentage, chemical composition, yield, and the resulting compounds. The results of this study were that the highest content of nickel extract was produced in a 10-hour variation of 11530 mg/L with an extraction percentage of 94.16%, the most iron in a 10-hour variation of 4128 mg/L with 100% extraction percentage, and the most cobalt in a 2-hour variation. as much as 47.3 mg/L with 100% extraction percentage. The highest nickel yield was produced at a 10-hour concentration variation of 87.37%. The compounds produced from the crystallization products were NiSO4.6H2O, Na2SO4, CoSO4, and FeSO4.

Chalcopyrite Leaching with Hydrogen Peroxide and Iodine Species in Acidic Chloride Media at Room Temperature: Technical and Economic Evaluation

In Chile, the hydrometallurgical plants are operating below their capacity due to a depletion of copper oxide ores. To obtain suitable pregnant leach solutions (PLSs) for hydrometallurgical plants, leaching solutions combining iodine-based oxidants and hydrogen peroxide in a chloride–acid medium, at room temperature and pressure were studied. Factorial experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the different leaching solution reagents (KI, NaIO3, NaCl, H2O2, and H2SO4). The results showed that the most influential variable is the H2O2 concentration; increasing the PLS concentration from 3 g/L to 15 g/L increased the copper extraction percentage by ~25%. In decreasing order of importance, the factorial experimental results showed that the H2O2, H2SO4, NaCl, NaIO3, and KI concentrations affect the copper extraction percentage. The highest copper extraction percentage (i.e., 60.6%) was obtained using a leaching solution containing the highest reagent concentrations. At these conditions, the copper concentration in the PLS was 16.9 g/L. An economic evaluation of the laboratory-scale leaching experiments showed an increase in the unit cost (USD/t Cu) for experiments involving leaching solutions without H2O2 because of poor copper concentration in the PLS. As the concentrations of the reagents NaIO3 and KI, increase, the unit cost increases, because the reagents are relatively expensive and have a limited effect on the copper extraction percentage.

Influence of Dysprosium Compounds on the Extraction Behavior of Dy from Nd-Dy-Fe-B Magnet Using Liquid Magnesium

During the liquid metal extraction reaction between a Nd-Dy-Fe-B magnet and liquid Mg, Nd rapidly diffuses out of the magnet, whereas Dy is not extracted due to the reaction with the matrix and the formation of Dy2Fe17 phase. In addition, theDy2O3 phase exists at the grain boundaries. Until now, only the effect of the Dy2O3 phase on the extraction of Dy has been reported. In this study, the effect of the Dy2Fe17 phase on the extraction of Dy from the Nd-Dy-Fe-B magnet was investigated in liquid Mg. The formation of the Dy2Fe17 phase during the reaction between Mg and matrix (RE2Fe14B) was first examined using a thermodynamical approach and confirmed by microstructural analysis. It was observed that Dy extraction was dominated by Dy2Fe17 phase decomposition from 3 h to 24 h, followed by Dy2O3 phase dominant reaction with Mg. Comparing the activities of the Dy2Fe17 phase and the Dy2O3 phase, the reaction of Dy2Fe17 is dominant, as compared to the Dy2O3 phase. Finally, at 48 h, the high Dy extraction percentage of 93% was achieved. As a result, in was concluded that the Dy2Fe17 phase acts as an obstacle in the extraction of Dy. In the future, if research to control the Dy2Fe17 phase proceeds, it will be of great importance to advance the recycling of Dy.

Pengaruh Karakteristik Bijih pada Ekstraksi Nikel dari Bijih Limonit Indonesia menggunakan Pelindian Atmosferik

AbstrakKebutuhan ekstraksi nikel dari bijih nikel laterit khususnya jenis bijih limonit dengan kadar nikel yang rendah sangat diperlukan karena kebutuhan nikel yang terus meningkat dengan adanya pengembangan kendaraan bermotor listrik berbasis baterai. Jenis dan karakteristik bijih laterit yang berbeda akan memberikan pengaruh pada hasil ekstraksi nikel. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan ekstraksi nikel dari bijih laterit jenis limonit yang berasal dari Pulau Halmahera (LH)) dan Pulau Sulawesi (LS) menggunakan pelindian atmosferik. Asam sulfat digunakan sebagai agen pelindian. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh karakteristik bijih limonit (LH dan LS) pada berbagai variabel pelindian yaitu suhu (30oC, 50oC dan 80oC), konsentrasi asam sulfat (0,5M; 1M; dan 2M), waktu pelindian (15, 30, 60, 120, dan 240 menit), serta rasio bijih terhadap reagen pelindian (5, 10, dan 20% w/v) terhadap ekstraksi nikel dari bijih limonit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik bijih laterit sangat berpengaruh pada hasil pelindian dan persen rekoveri nikel. Nikel dari bijih LH yaitu jenis limonit dari Pulau Halmahera dapat diekstrak secara maksimal (100%) pada konsentrasi asam sulfat 0,5M, suhu 80oC, rasio bijih/larutan asam sulfat 10%, dan waktu pelindian 2 jam. Sedangkan persen ekstraksi nikel dari bijih LS yang terbesar adalah 95% yang diperoleh pada konsentrasi asam sulfat 2M, suhu 80oC, rasio bijih/larutan asam sulfat 5%, dan waktu pelindian 4 jam. AbstractNickel extraction from nickel laterite ores particularly low-grade limonite ore is needed along with the increase of nickel consumption on the development of battery electric vehicle. Types and characteristics of nickel laterite ores affect greatly on the nickel extraction from these ores. This research conducted the extraction of nickel from limonite ore from different areas i.e. Halmahera Island (LH) and Sulawesi Island (LS) using atmosferic leaching. Sulfuric acid (1M) was used as leaching reagent. Leaching processes were carried out for investigating the effects of limonite ore characteristics (LH and LS), leaching temperatures (30oC, 50oC dan 80oC), concentration of sulfuric acid (0.5M; 1M; 2M), leaching time (15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes), and ratio of ore amount to volume of leaching reagent on the nickel extraction from limonite ores. Experimental results showed that ore characteristic affected greatly on the leaching result and nickel leaching recovery. Nickel from LH ore could be extracted maximum (100%) using sulfuric acid 0.5M, temperature of 80oC, and leaching time 120 minutes (2 hours). Whereas, the highest nickel extraction percentage from LS ore is 95% using sulfuric acid 2M, temperature of 80oC, and leaching time 240 minutes (4 hours).

Pengaruh Reagen Pelindian pada Sintesis ZnO dari Debu Tungku Busur Listrik

ZnO nanoparticle was synthesized by a simple hydrometallurgical method using raw material of electric arc furnace dust (EAFD),which is a solid waste in the stainless steel industry. Electric arc furnace dust contains 68.81% Zn in the form of zincite (ZnO) and simonkolleite (H10Cl2O9Zn5). The synthesis was carried out in two main steps, i.e., leaching and alkaline precipitation. In this study, the effect of leaching reagent, leaching temperature, and leaching reagent concentration on the percent extraction of Zn in the leaching process from electric arc furnace dust and the characteristics of the resulting ZnO product were studied. The experimental results showed that leaching reagent of acetic acid gives the highest percent extraction of Zn. The results also showed that the increase of temperature and acid concentration could improve the Zn extraction percentage. At 2M acid concentration, Zn extraction percentage already achieved 100%; hence the process is independent of temperature. The ZnO product has a purity of 96%. The XRD data confirmed the nano sizes of the ZnO product. A B S T R A KZnO nanopartikel disintesis dengan metode hidrometalurgi sederhana menggunakan bahan baku berupa debu tungku busur listrik yang merupakan limbah padat industri baja tahan karat. Debu busur listrik mengandung 68,81% Zn dalam bentuk zincite (ZnO) dan simonkolleite (H10Cl2O9Zn5). Proses sintesis dilakukan dalam dua tahap utama yaitu pelindian dan pengendapan alkali. Pada penelitian ini dipelajari pengaruh reagen pelindian, suhu pelindian, dan konsentrasi reagen pelindian pada proses pelindian terhadap persen ekstraksi Zn dari debu tungku busur listrik dan karakteristik produk ZnO yang dihasilkan. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa asam asetat adalah reagen pelindian yang memberikan persen ekstraksi Zn tertinggi. Hasil percobaan juga menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi suhu dan konsentrasi asam yang digunakan, maka semakin meningkat persen ekstraksi Zn yang diperoleh. Tetapi pada konsentrasi asam 2M, suhu pelindian tidak terlalu berpengaruh karena dengan konsentrasi asam asetat 2M pada semua kondisi suhu pelindian, persen ekstraksi Zn yang diperoleh adalah 100%. Hasil pelindian menggunakan asam asetat pada kondisi optimum menghasilkan produk ZnO dengan kemurnian sekitar 96%. Data XRD juga menunjukkan bahwa ZnO yang terbentuk memiliki ukuran nano.

Emulsion Stability Tes and Effect of HNO3 Concentration in the Internal Phase on Cadmium Ion Extraction using Liquid Membrane Emulsion Technique

Study on the emulsion stability and cadmium ion extraction tests was performed using the liquid membrane emulsion technique. This study aimed to determine the emulsion stability between the membrane phase and the internal phase with the variation of the ratio (2:1, 1:1, 2:3, and 1:2), and to determine the maximum conditions of cadmium ion extraction in a solution including the various concentration of HNO3 solution 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 M. This study is a laboratory experimental method using benzoyl acetone compound as cation carrier, kerosene as membrane phase, HNO3 solution as the internal phase, span-20 and span-80 as surfactants, and cadmium solution as the sample solution. Cadmium ion concentration in the external phase was determined by UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The result showed that the emulsion stability test which produced the most stable emulsion was in the ratio of the membrane phase and the internal phase 1:1. In addition, the concentration of the HN03 solution resulted in a maximum extraction percentage of 1.5 M with an extraction percentage was 95.28%.

Experimented Examination of Power Produced for Dual Rotor Wind Turbine over Single Rotor Wind Turbine

As that wind energy is the vital energy resource which can be used widely to facilitate humane being prolong till the time nature or so called wind is there main aim of this paper is increase extraction percentage of energy from wind using dual rotor wind turbine connected on same axis, analysis were carried out experimentally for the increased power coefficient CP. It has been compared and found that with respect to single rotor or turbine dual wind power is having larger value of CP and torque, moreover instead of using one turbine for two turbine on same axis the value of CP increases with the better balancing stability, further the comparison is made with the performance of single bare wind turbine . Compare to that of single rotor if we used two rotor on same shaft then the torque and power increases on the other hand we will also get large stability due to weight balance condition and was found that large amount of energy can be extracted with comparatively larger value of torque. Experiment have been carried out on single rotor wind turbine and then dual rotor wind turbine after turbine development in the real atmospheric condition due to which different torque ,power produced, rotor speed was achieved which was analyzed and found fruitful where a large amount of power or torque is required.

Treatment of drill cuttings using microemulsion

Conventional treatment of drill cuttings, as drying and thermal desorption, is failing to meet environmental and economic standards; therefore, new alternatives for the treatment of this waste must be developed. The purpose of this study was to remove n-paraffin from drill cuttings using microemulsion systems (MES). The extraction percentage (%) of n-paraffin was quantified by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The optimization of extraction parameters showed that the extraction percentage (%) is directly proportional to the stirring speed and contact time and inversely proportional to the HLB of the surfactant used in the microemulsion system. Results for MES using Alkonat® L90 and Renex® 95 were similar, but Alkonat® L90 was chosen as the best system considering the environmental issue. The MES/cuttings ratio did not influence the percentage of n-paraffin extracted, reaching 55.03% and 56.32% for the ratios of 0.5 and 2.0, respectively. The reuse of MES in multiple extractions showed that MES can be reused in up to two extractions, obtaining up to 86% extraction. The optimal parameters for Alkonat® L90 microemulsion systems were MES/cuttings ratio of 1.0, stirring speed of 132 strokes, and contact time of 80 min, achieving 86.27% extraction. Results obtained in this study may help to better understand n-paraffin removal from drill cuttings by MES, considering the future use of this technology in the design of an industrial treatment plant for both onshore and offshore operations.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Surfaktan Campuran (Span 80 dan Span 20) dan Rasio Volume Emulsi/Fasa Eksternal terhadap Ekstraksi Ion Kadmium (Cd) Menggunakan Teknik Emulsi Membran Cair

Research on the extraction of cadmium(II) ion has been performed using the emulsion liquid membrane technique. This research used laboratory experimental method using benzoyl acetone as a carrier, kerosene as a membrane, nitric acid solution as an internal phase, span 80 and span 20 as a surfactant, and cadmium(II) solution as a sample. The present study was conducted to determine the optimum conditions of cadmium(II) ion extraction in solutions comprising variations in surfactant concentration of spans 80 and span 20 mixtures (1.5–3.5%) and variations in the ratio of emulsion/external phase (1:5–1:7). Determination of remaining of cadmium(II) ion concentration in the sample was analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 519 nm wavelength. The results showed that the concentration of mixed surfactants (span 80 and span 20) which resulted in a maximum percent of extraction was 2.5% with 60.11% extraction percentage. In addition, the volume ratio of the emulsion/external phase gave a maximum extraction percentage at a ratio of 1:5.5 with an extraction percent of 78.03%.