Gender Mainstreaming and Climate Change

Women and girls are disproportionately impacted by climate change, not because of innate characteristics but as a result of the social structures and cultural norms that shape gender inequalities. Feminist activists and transnational organizations continue to voice their concerns regarding the need for greater attention to gender inequalities in the context of climate change. Gender mainstreaming is a policy process designed to address the gendered consequences of any planned actions—the ultimate aim being to achieve gender equality. Gender mainstreaming emerged in the late 1990s at the Beijing Women’s Conference as a result of the frustrations of feminist activists and international nongovernmental organizations about the lack of attention to gender equality. Yet its implementation has been hampered both by a lack of vision as to its purpose and by ongoing tensions, particularly between those who espouse equality and those who support the mainstream. This has led to resistance to gender mainstreaming within departments and units that are charged with its implementation, and indeed a reluctance of key players to commit to gender equality. Yet there is still strong support for the original feminist intent from activists and researchers addressing the impacts of climate change. The transformational potential of gender mainstreaming is still viewed as a process that could address and challenge gender inequalities in the context of increasing climate challenges. However, there are barriers that must be overcome for the transformational potential of gender mainstreaming to be realized. These include equating climate justice with gender justice, ensuring that the radical feminist intent of gender mainstreaming is not co-opted by the neoliberal agenda of maximizing economic development over gender equality and women’s empowerment, and ensuring that organizations tasked with facilitating gender mainstreaming not only understand its intent but also address gender inequalities within their own organizational structures and practices.

Triads and The Abilities of Transnational Organized Crime to Prevail

AbstrakTransnational Organized Crime (TOC) adalah bentuk luas dari organisasi kejahatan yang dibentuk oleh sekelompok orang di wilayah tertentu. Dengan adanya globalisasi, perkembangan dari sebuah TOC bisa melewati batas-batas negara dan bahkan balik mengancam entitas dari negara tersebut. Satu hal yang membedakan TOC dengan organisasi kejahatan yang lain adalah struktur dan pola aktivitasnya yang rapi, seperti organisasi transnasional pada umumnya. Salah satu TOC yang melegenda sampai dengansekarang adalah kelompok mafa dari Cina, Triad. Sebagai organisasi kejahatan yang berumur panjang, berdiri sejak Dinasti Qing pada 1760-an, Triad memiliki banyak cabang yang tersebar di wilayah dengan populasi etnis Cina yang besar selain Cina sendiri seperti Taiwan, Hongkong, Singapura, Amerika Serikat dan Inggris. Melalui tulisan ini, penulis berusaha menjelaskan mengenai perkembangan Triad dari yang awalnya kelompok mafa menjadi kelompok yang memiliki tujuan bisnis seperti korporasi. Langgengnya kekuatan Triad sebagai sebuah organisasi kejahatan disebabkan juga banyaknya celah, baik diinstitusi domestik maupun institusi internasional. Celah tersebut dimanfaatkan secara baik oleh TOC untuk terus-menerus beraktivitas sampai sekarang.Kata-Kata Kunci: Organisasi Kejahatan Transnasional, TRIAD, Globalisasi, Mafia, KorporasiTransnational Organized Crime (TOC) is a widespread form of criminal organization formed by a group of people in a particular region. Because of globalization, the development of a TOC can cross the borders of the country and even turn against the entity of the state.One thing that distinguishes TOC from other crime organizations is, its neat structure and pattern of activities, such as transnational organizations in general. One of the legendary TOCs is the mafa group from China, Triad. As a long-lived crime organization, establishedsince the Qing Dynasty in the 1760s, Triad has many branchess cattered in areas with large Chinese ethnic populations other than China itself such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, the United States and Britain. Through this paper, I’ll try to explain the development of the Triads, from a group that was originally a mafa to a group that has business objectives like a corporation. The lasting power of the Triads as a criminal organization is supported by the gap which happened in domestic and international institution. This gap is used properly by TOC to continue their activities until now.Keywords: Transnational Organized Crime, TRIAD, Globalization, Mafa, Corporation

Carbon Emission and Optimization of Energy for Sustainable Development: Rethinking the Possibility

The adverse effects of climatic change and environmental degradation associated with the fossil energy sources from crude oil, coal, and gas have been used as a sad commentary by some transnational organizations and multilateral concern. Thus, such campaigns, actions, and concerted efforts are geared towards making them redundant while canvassing for renewable energy sources as perfect alternatives. Although gas is characterized by lower carbon emission, it is somehow not considered as a source capable of being improved upon for a sustainable energy source. Hence, this research is undertaken to project the viability of gas energy with a minimum deleterious impact on nature and humanity. With secondary data sources, the study employed a descriptive research method and employed dynamic capabilities theory as a framework. It was discovered through the study that state politicking that surrounds the current moves to jettison the fossil energy, and the multilateral concern also backs the ploy towards its abandonment, resulting in the development of cold feet towards renewing interests in engaging science, technology, and innovation to further decarbonize the gas energy. The authors suggest, among others, the need for a deliberate engagement of a cutting-edge research and innovative technology through collaborations among countries and international organizations such as OPEC and oil firms. If this is done, it will enhance its relevance even without compromising the minimum biosafety and environmental standards.

Global Civil Society Is Not Utopian, But Feasible: The World After the COVID-19 Pandemic

At the beginning of 2020, the COVID-19 Pandemic has swept the world, which raises the awareness of global governance and global civil society. This paper attempts to prove global civil society is feasible and analyses its main functions during the period of resistance of the COVID-19 Pandemic. The paper unfolds in four parts. The First part is a brief introduction to the question this paper tends to address after the COVID-19 Pandemic. After that, it is the definition of civil society. Civil society can be defined as a complementary arena for state and market to ensure common welfare and public good through non-violent, voluntary and bottom-up process. However, this definition encompasses different connotations with the passage of time. In the third part, it states that civil society is inevitably globalized in the challenge of globalization. Quite a number of problems go beyond borders and the reaches of states, which leaves a vacuum for a corresponding force to regulate them. Also, global social movement-the main actor of global civil society, as an important agent, ensures the economy liberalism-embedded transnational economic organizations, as the main structure of global governance, accountable. In addition, the development of convenient communication and value convergence provide the objective conditions for the emergence of global civil society. Global civil society makes transnational organizations accountable, solves problems beyond state borders and ensures the public good and welfare. In a nutshell, global civil society is an indispensable part of today’s global governance.

Transnational State Elites and the Neoliberal Project in Mexico

This article explores the connection between the emergence of transnational state elites and the construction of a neoliberal project in Mexico. It argues that transnationalization of Mexican state elites was part of the process that led to the adoption of a neoliberal project since the 1980s and that it entailed an increasingly greater participation in global networks as well as a greater affinity with the standards, practices and norms of transnational organizations and global technocrats. The process was very dynamic, and it unfolded through a set of reforms that gradually, but steadily, transformed the political economy from a state-centered to a market-centered political economy. It launched a group of neoliberal reformers to transnational spaces following a combination of paths that included: (1) interlocking with regional and global corporate networks; (2) participation in regional and global think tanks and policy making bodies; (3) a long and active trajectory in international organizations; and (4) an academic and professional career allowing them to become global experts, acknowledged by the global corporate, financial and technocratic communities as the most qualified and trustworthy negotiators and intermediaries.

Turkish Sufi Organizations and The Development of Islamic Education in Indonesia

Sufism has contributed substantially in the development of Islam across the globe. It is also the case of Indonesia. Sufi preachers have been noticed as among the early Muslims who conveyed and disseminate Islam in the Archipelago. This trend seems to be repeated in this current Indonesian Islam. However, what is commonly unknown, Turkish organization also takes part in this current mode. Particularly, it is with the Islamic transnational organization from Turkey operating in Indonesia as the actors. This article aims at discussing the Sufi elements within three Turkish based transnational communities in Indonesian Islam and their contribution to Islamic education as part of Islamic development in the current Indonesia. This is a qualitative research to the topics within the three Turkish origin transnational Islamic organizations, namely the Jamaat Nur, the Fethullah Gülen Affiliated Movement, and the Suleymaniyah. This article will then argue that Sufism has continued to be one of the contributing factors for the development of Islam and in relation to that the Sufi elements within the three Turkish Transnational organizations also contribute to their acceptance in Indonesia. Overall, the Sufi elements have shaped the image and identity of the Turkish Muslims in developing the Islamic studies in Indonesia.

Indian Migrant Organizations

The Indian diaspora is increasingly engaging with the homeland by forming a range of migrant organizations—organizations constituting a growing sector of non-State actors who engage with the host country and the country of origin in a sustained and profound way. Research on migrant organizations tends to focus only transnational migrant organizations in host countries. Indian Migrant Organizations analyses a set of local and transnational organizations formed by Indian migrants, whose activities include mobilizing resources and connections and engaging in numerous development initiatives in India, and studies their engagement particularly in the Indian healthcare and education sectors. In particular, the book discusses how these organizations have evolved, what kind of healthcare and educational projects and activities they are carrying out, and how such collective efforts are affecting development dynamics in India.

Transnational Organizations and Education Sector

This chapter discusses various educational projects that transnational migrant organizations run across the country. The chapter mainly describes projects and programmes such as NRI education provision, education for vulnerable groups, vocational education and training for skill development, community awareness programs, provision of modern learning tools, scholarships and grants, and various special programs for the advancement of education among the underprivileged sections of the Indian society.

Transnational Organizations and Healthcare Sector

This chapter discusses how some transnational migrant organizations engage with the Indian healthcare sector and contribute to the expansion of healthcare facilities across the country. It principally describes how such organizations are building healthcare institutions, introducing modern medical equipment to the Indian healthcare industry, running exchange programs for medical professionals, and sponsoring many special programmes that provide greater access to healthcare facilities for different groups in urban and rural India.