Drug cartels respond to the pandemic

More than 13.6 million Brazilians live in large poor communities known as favelas. Historically, these territories suffer due to social rights insufficiency and violent conflicts orchestrated by the police and the drug cartels. In this context, the dismantling of the public health care system and denialism of the pandemic by the federal government increases the vulnerability within the favelas during the COVID-19 crisis. Although the federal government failed to take up measures to control the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a criminal organization that dominates the trafficking of drugs in several Brazilian favelas, known as Comando Vermelho, instead dictated those protective actions. This study aimed to discuss the ethical aspects of the relationship between primary health care professionals and the drug cartels in order to promote health care in the favelas.

Organized cybercrime in Ukraine: problems of formation of official statistics and its analysis

The article analyzes the types, forms and content of statistical reporting that reflects the state and structure of cybercrime in Ukraine. Ways to interpret statistical information and to use its capabilities in preventing and combating cybercrime are identified. The shortcomings of the structure of official statistical data, namely unsystematic character, inconsistency and incoherence of their formation, are generalized and revealed. It is noted that the national and international legislation lacks a generally accepted definition of cybercrime so far, and therefore a single approach to defining the grounds for classifying illegal acts as such crimes. The reports were developed without considering further analysis of cybercrime. And while the report of the National Police of Ukraine contains data on a number of criminal offenses that can be attributed to cybercrime, the official statistical reports prepared by the Office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine and the State Judicial Administration of Ukraine, except for Chapter XVI of the Criminal Code, are missing the mentioned data. Therefore, official statistics, which fully and accurately reflect the state and structure of cybercrime cannot be introduced today. It is possible to analyze only the dynamics of this type of crime, the structure of crime on the basis of recorded crimes. The number of criminal offenses under the articles of chap. XVI of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, is growing unevenly, and this growth in the last 4 years is insignificant. The share of these criminal offenses is growing more dynamically. But their share of the total crime rate in Ukraine today is insignificant and is less than one percent - in 2020 0.69. In the first quarter of 2021, employees of cyber police units of the National Police of Ukraine, for the first time detected 4 criminal offenses under Art. 255 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (“Creation of a criminal organization”). During 2013 –2010, 112 persons were found to have committed criminal offenses of this category as part of a group, 16 of them as part of an organized group. Also during this period, 171 persons who committed criminal offenses in the group in previous years were identified, including 68 in the organized group. The number of convicted persons who committed criminal offenses in the group during this period is 64, 9 of them committed crimes in an organized group.

Elements of comparative criminal law regarding the crime of creating a criminal organization with a terrorist character

Lately, the international community is facing serious threats to security and world order, which is expressed through new forms of crime, especially in its organized and terrorist aspect. According to the criminal legislation of the Republic of Moldova, the purpose of committing one or more terrorist offenses determines the aggravation of criminal liability for the creation or management of a criminal organization, which contrasts against the background of the legislative provisions of other states. In the study, the comparative method of examining the criminal laws of other states was used as a priority. At the same time, in addition to the method of logical analysis and case study, the prospective method of studying law with reference to current trends in the evolution of legal and criminal norms has been widely applied. The study is oriented towards the comparative analysis of the norm stipulated in article 284, para. (2) Penal Code, in the light of the criminal laws of the neighboring states (Russian Federation, Ukraine, Romania), which allows highlighting the existing gaps, general tendencies of incrimination and the possibilities of perfecting the national normative framework. In addition, the improvement of the national normative framework, harmonized with that of the neighboring states, offers wide possibilities in the field of international legal cooperation in criminal matters, which determines repercussions on all areas of social life in the state.

Subjective side of the crime of creating or leading a criminal organization

The application in the national judicial practice of the criminal norm established at art. 284 Penal code encounters some difficulties resulting from the misinterpretation of the corresponding elements and signs of crime composition. The present study aimed to explain in detail and intelligibly the content of the subjective side of the crime of creating or leading a criminal organization, what will be useful from both perspectives: theoretical and practical. The coherent explanation of the content of the subjective side of the crime of creating or leading a criminal organization provides additional possibilities in the qualification process, which can be used contradictory by both participants in the criminal trial: the prosecution and the defense.

PERDAGANGAN PEREMPUAN DAN ANAK SEBAGAI KEJAHATAN TRANSNASIONAL

Organized crime in the transnational trafficking of women and children is a serious and farreaching crime and can even be classified as crimes against humanity as stated in the Rome Statute (1998) which regulates the permanent international criminal court. The objective of the provisions in protocol II is the criminal organization behind the trafficking of women and children, namely by punishing the perpetrators and protecting their victims, namely women and children. In the Palermo Convention2000) it is emphasized that the main objective is to enhance and strengthen cooperation between states parties in preventing and eradicating the five types of crimes which are the jurisdiction of the convention. This paper is the result of a research useing normative juridical approach by reviewing, and examining secondary data in the form of legislation, legal principles, and cases relating to the problem regarding to the trafficking of women and children.

Assessing the Contemporary Issues of Countering Transnational Crime

Crimes are always considered as inevitable in every given society operating under an organized system of operation. Sometimes this crime has to cross borders constituting huge threat to country sovereignty and integrity. With all this in place, States are usually confronted in establishing possible forms and methods of combating the so called transnational crimes. Specific examples of successful experience of developed countries, such as the United States, Canada and Western European countries, are analyzed. The author's definitions of the terms "transnational crime", "method of combating transnational crime" and "form of combating transnational crime" are given. It is stated that the problem of the existence and expansion of transnational crime in the form of shadow illegal activities of criminal organizations is one of the greatest threats of our time. It is stated that in connection with the commission of illegal acts by members of transnational criminal organizations of various orientations, the definition of the essence and content of this socially dangerous phenomenon is a non-trivial matter. It is emphasized that the modern scientific community reflects the desire to clearly establish and specify the current methods of combating transnational crime and to implement their appropriate classification. It is noted that both domestic and foreign scholars in the field of law classify methods of combating transnational crime according to a set of different criteria and factors. Scholars also emphasize the importance of intensifying effective international cooperation in this area.Keywords: Form; Method; Transnational Crime; International Cooperation; Criminal Organization Menilai Isu Kontemporer Melawan Kejahatan Transnasional AbstrakKejahatan selalu dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang tak terelakkan dalam setiap masyarakat yang beroperasi di bawah sistem operasi yang terorganisir. Terkadang kejahatan ini harus melintasi batas negara yang merupakan ancaman besar bagi kedaulatan dan keutuhan negara. Dengan semua ini, Negara biasanya dihadapkan pada kemungkinan bentuk dan metode untuk memerangi apa yang disebut kejahatan transnasional. Contoh-contoh spesifik dari pengalaman sukses negara-negara maju, seperti Amerika Serikat, Kanada dan negara-negara Eropa Barat, dianalisis. Definisi penulis tentang istilah "kejahatan transnasional", "metode pemberantasan kejahatan transnasional" dan "bentuk pemberantasan kejahatan transnasional" diberikan. Disebutkan bahwa masalah keberadaan dan perluasan kejahatan transnasional berupa kegiatan ilegal bayangan organisasi kriminal merupakan salah satu ancaman terbesar di zaman kita. Disebutkan bahwa sehubungan dengan dilakukannya perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan oleh anggota organisasi kriminal lintas negara dari berbagai orientasi, maka pengertian esensi dan isi dari fenomena bahaya sosial ini bukanlah hal yang sepele. Ditekankan bahwa komunitas ilmiah modern mencerminkan keinginan untuk secara jelas menetapkan dan menentukan metode terkini untuk memerangi kejahatan transnasional dan untuk menerapkan klasifikasi yang sesuai. Perlu dicatat bahwa baik sarjana dalam dan luar negeri di bidang hukum mengklasifikasikan metode memerangi kejahatan transnasional menurut seperangkat kriteria dan faktor yang berbeda. Para ahli juga menekankan pentingnya mengintensifkan kerja sama internasional yang efektif di bidang ini.Kata kunci: Bentuk; Metode; Kejahatan Lintas Negara; Kerjasama internasional; Organisasi Kriminal Оценка Современных Проблем Противодействия Транснациональной ПреступностиАннатацияПреступления всегда считаются неизбежными в каждом обществе, действующем в рамках организованной системы действий. Иногда это преступление должно пересекать границы, представляя огромную угрозу суверенитету и целостности страны. При наличии всего этого государства обычно сталкиваются с проблемой установления возможных форм и методов борьбы с так называемыми транснациональными преступлениями. Анализируются конкретные примеры успешного опыта развитых стран, таких как США, Канада и страны Западной Европы. Даны авторские определения терминов «транснациональная преступность», «метод борьбы с транснациональной преступностью» и «форма борьбы с транснациональной преступностью». Констатируется, что проблема существования и распространения транснациональной преступности в виде теневой противоправной деятельности преступных организаций является одной из самых серьезных угроз современности. В связи с совершением противоправных действий членами транснациональных преступных организаций различной направленности определение сущности и содержания этого общественно опасного явления является нетривиальным вопросом. Подчеркивается, что современное научное сообщество отражает стремление четко установить и конкретизировать существующие методы борьбы с транснациональной преступностью и внедрить их соответствующую классификацию. Отмечается, что как отечественные, так и зарубежные ученые в области права классифицируют методы борьбы с транснациональной преступностью по набору различных критериев и факторов. Ученые также подчеркивают важность активизации эффективного международного сотрудничества в этой области.Ключевые слова: форма, метод, транснациональная преступность, международное сотрудничество, преступная организация

Public safety intelligence activity: Advice in the fight against criminal organizations

The present work, as a research involving the intelligence activity in Public Security, the present work aimed, through a historical rescue, which dates back to the emergence of a criminal organization in the state of Pará - Brazil, to verify how the intelligence activity it is capable of advising the decision-making process of public security institutions, in order to generate a balance of forces favorable to the latter, in the fight against crime. It started from the hypothesis that the intelligence agencies would show themselves capable of gathering privileged information, according to legality and efficiency criteria, able to subsidize the decision-making process. Using an inductive method and a qualitative documentary analysis, it was identified that, in addition to subsidizing managers with appropriate knowledge, the agencies were responsible for the frustration of measures of direct confrontation with the State, preventing damage to public coffers, as well as unjust attacks on civil and military civil servants and the Pará society itself.

Tipuri de investigații sub acoperire

In Eastern European countries, undercover investigation appears under different names such as: the use of undercover investigators; operative infiltration; carrying out a special mission within an organized group or a criminal organization, the particularities are common. The differences refer to the legal limits of the activity of the undercover investigator as well as to the forms of use of the information obtained. The undercover investigation is mainly applied to the detection of drug trafficking, arms trafficking, corruption and organized crime. So, the types of undercover investigation, resulting from the positive practice of the criminal investigation bodies, foreshadow an efficient methodology of investigating these categories of crimes.