O Período Hegemônico da Década de 1990 e suas Instituições Internacionais: O Caso do Tribunal Penal Internacional l The Hegemonic Period of 1990’s and Its International Institutions: The Case of International Criminal Court

O presente artigo tem como objetivo questionar o enquadramento genérico dado ao Tribunal Penal Internacional como instituição de governança democrática liberal imposta pela hegemonia estadunidense na década de 1990, utilizando os parâmetros conceituais da Teoria Crítica estabelecida por Robert Cox. São levantados três aspectos: os Estados Unidos não aderiram ao Tribunal; a jurisdição do Tribunal foi concebida majoritariamente por países em desenvolvimento; e grande parte de mandados do TPI são expedidos para o continente africano. Para avaliar essa situação, o artigo se dividirá em duas partes. A primeira consiste na apresentação da abordagem teórica e no enquadramento dos Estados Unidos como ator hegemônico do período a partir dos conceitos de Cox. A segunda apresentará uma análise das negociações para a construção do TPI, assim como das relações dos EUA e dos países africanos com o Tribunal. Por fim, chega-se à conclusão de que que o TPI apresenta caráter peculiar e ambíguo na política internacional.Palavras-chave: Teoria Crítica; Hegemonia; Tribunal Penal Internacional.ABSTRACTThis article aims to question the generic framework given to the International Criminal Court as an institution of liberal democratic governance imposed by American hegemony in the 1990s, using the conceptual parameters of the Critical Theory established by Robert Cox. Three aspects are brought to the debate: the United States did not adhere to the Tribunal; the jurisdiction of the Court was conceived mainly by developing countries; and a large number of ICC warrants are sent to the African continent. To assess this situation, the article will be divided in two parts. The first one consists of presenting the theoretical approach and also focused on framing the United States as a hegemonic actor of the period based on Cox's concepts. The second part will present an analysis of the negotiations to the construction of the ICC, as well as the relations of the US and African countries with the Court. Finally, it is concluded that the ICC is in a peculiar situation and ambiguous in international politics.Keywords: Critical Theory; Hegemony; International Criminal Court. Recebido em: 10/04/2021 | Aceito em: 17/08/2021.

The position of the state in global capitalism: a Polanyian perspective

The aim of the article is to analyze the changing position of the state in the capitalist world economy form the perspective of Karl Polanyi’s political theory. The main thesis of the article is that the position of the state largely depends on the character of rules constituting global political economy. Three world regimes were singled out (gold standard, Bretton Woods system, and hyperglobalization), and the position of the state within each system was analyzed. If we agree with Robert Cox that each world order is a product of ideas, institutions and power relations, then we may expect the institutional structure of the world economy to evolve following the changes in the underlying constellation of ideas and social forces.

Tendencias y perspectivas de la ciencia financiera: Un artículo de revisión

Las contribuciones de Robert C. Merton cobran vigencia actual. Con respecto del diseño de los planes para el retiro, en un marco de sistemas deficientes de pensiones, las investigaciones de Merton (1969) y (1971) sobre reglas óptimas de consumo y portafolio durante y después de la vida laboral cobran vigencia contemporánea. Asimismo, Bodie y Merton (2002) proponen el uso de productos derivados, en el ámbito internacional, para diversificar los riesgos de los sistemas de pensiones justo en el momento en que muchos de éstos, en economías subdesarrolladas e industrializadas, están en la antesala de colapso; además de que varios de estos sistemas sólo garantizan una proporción exigua del salario. Por último, la teoría racional de valuación de opciones de Merton (1973) se retoma para crear oleoductos y plantas generadoras de energía sintéticas mediante el uso de contratos derivados. Este trabajo pretende realizar una revisión de las tendencias y perspectivas de la ciencia financiera y las finanzas matemáticas, en el marco de las contribuciones pioneras de Robert Cox Merton, resaltando áreas prioritarias que ofrecen oportunidades para realizar investigación con impactos social y global.

La vinculación universidades-comunidades como generadora de conocimiento

El aporte del artículo se basa en la reflexión sobre la base epistemológica del pensamiento, del conocimiento y de la interpretación para la acción o extensión social desde las entidades universitarias en las últimas dos décadas. Estos enfoques metodológicos se centran en lo que Robert Cox (1996) llama los paradigmas contrapuestos en la generación de conocimiento, derivados de la teoría para la resolución de problemas, fundamento epistemológico de la praxis de los organismos internacionales, tales como la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), que definen el modelo de desarrollo actual. Por otro lado, la teoría crítica, que cuestiona los fundamentos de las estructuras de poder de este modelo de desarrollo desde un enfoque histórico que devela las contradicciones y desigualdades.

Implications behind the Covid 19: A Profound Structural Change Out Of Catastrophy?

Robert Cox has been the most well-known, and prominent intellectual as well, by articulating the building process of historical bloc within the context of the emergence of social forces initially in the nation-state, and his attempt has culminated in the unquestionable power of transnational power in global political economy for those who has vested interest in the identity of hegemony. By the article, we present a tentative attempt in effect by such a hypothetical assumption that the power configurations of social forces, state and world order fell default in their challenge against the unprecedented Virus pandemic while the virus itself has no such configurations as material capability, idea and institutions. The Covid 19 set up its own hegemony literally. The global politics has always been exposed to independent variables not predicted even though collectively or individually measures are taken by states. In this study, we will talk about the emergence of a new hegemonic power with the Covid 19 Pandemic.

Climate Change and Order: Mapping the Scope of International Relations in Studying Climate Politics

As globalization gained currency in international politics, multilateral negotiations increasingly expanded their scope to include environmental issues. Still, the political dimension of environmental change remains underrepresented in international relations (IR) theorization. This article aims to focus on the theoretical fortification in the mainstream IR when it comes to transboundary environmental threats. Since the threats of climate change and environmental degradation cannot be contained within the sovereign territories of states, the state-centric conception of the political order in the conventional approaches to IR fails to respond to the threats that are planetary in nature. The article seeks to answer two questions: (a) What are the inadequacies in the realist and liberal concepts of political order vis-à-vis climate change? (b) How to destabilize the conventional assumptions of political order with the aim of making it more receptive to the concerns associated with climate change? To do the latter, the article delves into the work of Robert Cox in order to delineate his intersubjective approach, which combines the material basis of political order with social relations of production. By doing so, this approach also sheds light on the transnational variants of hegemonic power, making it a useful explanatory framework for political implications of climate change.

Construtivismo e teoria crítica: uma possibilidade de diálogo entre Bourdieu e Cox nas Relações Internacionais

No presente artigo é feita a comparação entre a abordagem construtivista, utilizando as ideias de Pierre Bourdieu, com a Teoria Crítica representada pelas ideias de Robert Cox. Parte-se da hipótese de que é possível comparar tais autores e ideias, em função de partilharem ontologias semelhantes, reflexivas e críticas ao positivismo científico, em que a visão estrutural da sociedade se faz presente em categorias socialmente e historicamente construídas. Ao final se concluiu que as comparações entre os autores são possíveis, desde que sejam respeitadas as particularidades da construção das ideias de ambos, partindo do campo comum entre os autores, que seja, as estruturas sociais e reflexividade.

KOMUNIKASI LINGKUNGAN PADA GERAKAN BANK SAMPAH SEBAGAI UPAYA PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DI TANGERANG SELATAN

Komunikasi lingkungan adalah bidang khusus dalam kajian ilmu komunikasi yang secara khusus membahas mengenai lingkungan. Lingkungan terdiri dari lingkungan biotik, abiotik dan juga terkait dengan lingkungan sosial dimana manusia memiliki peran penting dalam ekosistem di bumi. Menurut Alexander Flor, komunikasi lingkungan adalah "penerapan pendekatan komunikasi, prinsip, strategi, dan teknik untuk pengelolaan dan perlindungan lingkungan." (Flor, 2084). Begitu pula definisi yang dinyatakan oleh J. Robert Cox, komunikasi lingkungan adalah "wahana untuk memahami lingkungan dan hubungan kita dengan dunia alam, media simbolis yang digunakan untuk membangun kepedulian lingkungan dan merundingkan tanggapan masyarakat." Komunikasi lingkungan adalah pragmatis dimana "ia memberi tahu, mendidik membujuk kita dan konstitutif, karena secara halus menciptakan makna dan mengarahkan kesadaran ke dunia yang lebih luas. "(Cox, 2010). Jadi dari dua paparan diatas, bisa dikatakan bahwa komunikasi lingkungan adalah suatu upaya untuk melindungi alam dari bentuk degradasi, upaya yang pragmatis agar muncul kesadaran masyarakat dan dunia terkait pentingnya masalah lingkungan dengan pendekatan konteks komunikasi. Komunikasi lingkungan merupakan bentuk dari penyeimbangan dari arus program pembangunan dan moderenisasi yang ada kalanya mengabaikan masalah lingkungan sehingga munculkan kerusakan alam (lingkungan). Gerakan Bank sampah bisa diasumsikan sebagai gerakan sosial yang menjadi wadah atau media dimana proses komunikasi lingkungan dapat dilakukan. Bank sampah merupakan gabungan gerakan sosial dan gerakan lingkungan. Sampah merupakan isu yang sangat penting bagi peradaban di dunia. Masalah sampah yang sudah menumpuk terutama sampah plastik menjadi masalah global di dunia dan Indoenesia menjadi negara urutan kedua memberikan kontribusi sampah plastik dilautan. Permasalahannya sampah bisa dikatakan isu yang bisa jadi tidak diperhatikan bahkan cenderung tidak dipedulikan, karena bisa jadi sampah yang merupakan sesuatu yang dibuang sehingga lebih mudah untuk dilupakan atau dibiarkan.