Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan Fitoremediasi Di Ekosistem Riparian DAS Citarum

Riparian ecosystems have a protective function of watersheds from pollution. One important component in riparian ecosystem is the presence of phytoremediation plants, which can degrade contamination content. This research is intended to identify the presence of undergrowth that functions as phytoremediation in Bojongsoang District which is one of the areas around the heavily polluted Citarum watershed zone[1]. The method used in this research is vegetation analysis using the quadrant method with 1x1 m2 plot size. Determination of sampling points used purposive sampling method. The results of the study found that the undergrowth as a potential phytoremediation included rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus), Beluntas (Pluchea indica), Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica), Jejarongan (Chloris barbata), rumput gajah (Cyperus rotundus), and bayam duri (Amaranthus spinosus). Rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus) is phyto-extractions in mercury-contaminated soils and accumulators of Sn, Zn, As, Cu, and Pb. Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrical) is a cyanide phytoremediator which is able to extract Zn from contaminated soil, and absorb Pb from contaminated soil. Beluntas is able to accumulate Cu, Fe, Al, Pb and Zn in their roots, leaves and stems, and the leaves that can absorb Cr. Rumput gajah (Cyperus rotundus) are a Cd accumulator. Bayam duri (Amaranthus spinosus) hyperaccumulator against mercury. Studies on the presence of phytoremediation plants can provide preliminary information on the condition of riparian ecosystems in the Citarum watershed.

Herbicidal Effects of Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Billygoat Weed (Ageratum conyzoides L.) on Spiny Amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus L.) Growth

This study aimed to evaluate the herbicidal activity of ethyl acetate leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides L. at different subfractions on Amaranthus spinosus L. The leaves of A. conyzoides were sequentially extracted with n-hexane and ethyl acetate respectively and fractionated by chromatography column. The extracts were applied to A. spinosus in pot assays at a concentration of 5%, 10% and 15%. We applied A synthetic herbicide (2,4-D at 0.686 kg a.i. ha−1) for positive control and distilled water for negative control. The A. conyzoides extracts strongly differed in their effect on weed control, shoot and root dry weight and root length of A. spinosus. The most inhibition on A. spinosus growth caused by application of ethyl acetate of A. conyzoides extracts subfraction A by 10% concentration can cause 100% destruction and subfraction B were 95% which both of them cause strongest death on A. spinosus compared with synthetic herbicide (2, 4-D) (23.33%) at 1 Day After Application, while subfraction C and D were not effective. Main constituents identified by GC-MS in subfraction A extract were tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester (10.26%), precocene II (9.39%), octadecanal (8.23%), 9,12,15-octatadecatrienoic, methyl ester (7.32%), 10-heneicosene (c,t) (5.19%) and neophytadiene (5.09%); in subfraction B were 1-octadecyne (38.57%), phytol (11.24%), di-tert-utylphosphine-d (5.17%) and 1-hexadecine (4.08%); in subfraction C were allobarbital (8.53%), octadecanal (12.69%), and bannamurpanin (26.01%) and octadecanal (30.52%), bannamurpanin (24.06%), 1,8-cineole (15.75%), trans-dodec-5enal (12.28%) and phytol (8.26%) in subfraction D. The ethyl acetate extract subfraction A and B concentration 10% proved the promising control agent against A. spinosus.

Phytochemical, Nutritional and Pharmacological Potentialities of Amaranthus spinosus Linn. : A review

Amaranthus spinosus has long been cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, especially in South Asia. It is well accepted by the people for its nutritional, pharmacological, phytochemical, and therapeutic functions in the human body. Tender stems, leaves, shoots, grains and sometimes the whole part of A. spinosus are eaten by humans or fed to farm animals, which contain carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fibers, vitamins, minerals and many other phytochemicals. This review aims to represent the nutritional and pharmacological activities of A. spinosus. To have a better understanding, we have discussed the nutritional status of A. spinosus, its available phytochemicals and their functional properties. Further, we demonstrated the potentiality of A. spinosus in various disease condition by discussing its functional activities, which includes antioxidant, antidiabetic, immuno-modulatory, hematological, gastrointestinal, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antimicrobial, antimalarial, anti-ulcer, antipyretic, and antigenic activity. The availability of various important phytochemicals along with their functional properties make Amaranthus spinosus valuable for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals industry.

Toxicological evaluation of the dried hydroethanolic extract of Amaranthus spinosus L. roots in Artemia salina larvae and Sprague Dawley rats

Background Amaranthus spinosus is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine to treat several diseases including diabetes and its complications. The aim of this study was to prove the safety of the plant in animal health. Methods The dry extract was obtained following the hydroethanolic extraction of A. spinosus roots. The cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro by incubating Artemia salina larvae with the extract for 24 h. In vivo toxicity was assessed in Sprague Dawley rats. A single dose of 5000 mg/kg bw of extract was administered orally to female rats in acute toxicity and observed for 14 days for mortality and signs of toxicity. In subchronic toxicity, extract doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw were administered orally to male and female rats for 28 consecutive days and observed for previous signs. Body weight was recorded daily and blood glucose levels every week. On day 29, blood was collected for biochemical and hematological studies. Organs were then exised for gross autopsy and histopathological examination. Results The in vitro study showed that the extract had a LC50 = 1.178 mg/mL in larvae and was considered to be non-cytotoxic. Oral administration of extract at a single dose of 5000 mg/kg bw did not cause any mortality or sign of toxicity in gross necropsy. In subchronic oral toxicity, repeated doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw of extract, did not also cause any mortality or significant change in body weight, relative weight of vital organs. Furthermore, hematological and biochemical parameters and histopathological examination did not show any significant change. The observed decrease in blood glucose levels did not correlate with organ damage and supports the safety of the plant. However, the reduction of LDL-cholesterol has shown that the extract can prevent cardiovascular disease. Conclusions This finding demonstrated that A. spinosus root is non-toxic with a LD50 > 5000 mg/kg bw. Thus, the extract can be used for cutaneous and subchronic oral administration at doses ≤ 1000 mg/kg bw. However, further studies such as embryo/fetotoxicity, genotoxicity and neurotoxicity will be needed to prove the safety of chronic administration of the extract in patients and fetuses.

Estimation of Phenolic acid and Flavonoids in leaves of Amaranthus viridis and Amaranthus spinosus

Objective: To explore physiochemical and phytochemical standardization of leaves of Amaranthus viridis and Amaranthus spinosus. Method: As per WHO guidelines, physical standardization parameters with various solvents system were evaluated. The preliminary phytochemical screenings were adopted for disclosing the existence of phytochemicals in the discrete extracts. Thin layer chromatography and HPTLC were employed for methanolic extract of leaves of Amaranthus viridis and Amaranthus spinosus. Result: Preliminary phytochemical screening with various extracts reveals phytoconstituents. HPTLC fingerprint were executed for leaves of Amaranthus viridis and Amaranthus spinosus using selected solvent system. HPTLC analysis implies the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in both the plant Amaranthus viridis and Amaranthus spinosus. Conclusion: Quercetin and Gallic acid was raise to be more in Amaranthus viridis compared to Amaranthus spinosus, however rutin was reported only in Amaranthus spinosus. The outcome of the research leads for isolation, purification and utilization in herbal industries.

Análisis socioeconómico y fitosanitario de fincas de producción de chiltoma en Tisma, Masaya, 2019

En Nicaragua la producción de chiltoma (Capsicum annuum L.) está en manos de pequeños y medianos agricultores principalmente en el norte del país, para el ciclo 2017-2018 el Banco Central dio a conocer que en Nicaragua se establecieron 562 ha-1,con una producción de 18,182 toneladas y rendimientos de 32,3 t ha-1. En Tisma no se ha realizado anteriormente ningún estudio acerca de las condiciones socioeconómicas y fitosanitarias en las que se encuentran los sistemas de producción de chiltoma. Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo caracterizar sistemas de esta hortaliza desde el punto de vista socioeconómico, fitosanitario, mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a productores. En base a la información recopilada, se ha interpretado el registro de 20 sistemas de producción de este pimiento. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de productores de chiltoma corresponden al sexo masculino, con edades entre 30 y 74 años, la mayoría están en manos de sus propios dueños y otra parte son alquiladas. Los principales insectos y ácaros plagas presentes, son los ácaros, y la mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci), la enfermedad que más se presenta es la virosis, seguida de la marchitez por Phytophthora, las malezas más reportadas son el coyolillo (Cyperus rotundus L.) y bledo (Amaranthus spinosus L.). Los insectos son manejados en su mayoría haciendo uso de insecticidas químicos sintéticos. El manejo de las enfermedades de suelo, follaje y fruto, en su totalidad se realiza mediante el uso de químicos sintéticos. Mayormente las malezas son manejadas mediante prácticas culturales como uso de machete y azadón.

Analisis Vegetasi Gulma Pada Lahan Pertanaman Kacang Kedelai (Glycine max L.Merill)

Pengendalian gulma yang tepat merupakan faktor penentu keberhasilan budidaya tanaman pertanian. Efektifitas teknik pengendalian gulma sangat tergantung pada jenis gulmanya. Penelitian terhadap analisis vegetasi gulma pada lahan pertanman kacang kedelai telah dilakukan selama 3 bulan terhitung Agustus hingga november 2020. Metode kuadran digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu identifikasi gulma, menghitung nilai penting, Summed Domminance Ratio (SDR), Indeks keanekaragaman (H’). Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat 10 jenis gulma Cynodon dactylon L., Eleusine indica L., Ischaemum rugosum, Cyperus rotundus,dan Cyperus difformis L., Amaranthus spinosus L., Commelina diffusa Burm F., Marselina minuta., Portulaca oleracea L.,dan Alternanthera sp. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman (H’) masuk kedalam kategori rendah yaitu <1 ( 0,15) jenis gulma Cynodon dactylon L.