Crises no Humanitarismo Multidimensional: As Respostas Reformistas do Pilar de Paz e Segurança da ONU l Crisis on Multidimensional Humanitarianism: The Reformist Responses From The UN Peace and Security Pillar

O humanitarismo multidimensional da ONU é constantemente atingido por crises institucionais, marcadas por fraturas de legitimidade e limites orçamentários. Este artigo explora as questões-chave desses momentos a partir das reformas administrativas levadas a cabo em resposta às essas tensões. As reestruturações do pilar de paz e segurança são um mecanismo fundamental de articulação do Secretariado para contornar entraves políticos do CSNU e estabeleceram um padrão significativo de envernizamento tecnocrático das atividades encampadas nas operações de paz. Assim, conclui-se que esse padrão foi reciclado ao longo das últimas três décadas, sedimentando o largo rol multidimensional. Atualmente, esse modelo é contestado justamente por sua extensão e tendo como principal tendência emergente o eixo de estabilização. Palavras-chave: Humanitarismo Multidimensional; ONU; Reformas Administrativas.ABSTRACTUN’s multidimensional humanitarianism constantly subject of institutional crises, characterized by legitimacy fractures and budget limits. This paper explores the key-issues of these events shedding light to the administrative reforms carried out in response to these tensions. The restructuring of the peace and security pillar is a crucial articulation mechanism of the Secretariat to overcome the UNSC's political blockages and it has established a significant pattern of technocratic varnishing on the activities undertaken in peace operations. Thus, we concluded that this pattern has been recycled over the last three decades, consolidating the wide multidimensional scope. Currently, this model is contested precisely because of its extension and its main emerging trend is the stabilization axis.Keywords: Multidimensional Humanitarianism; UN; Administrative Reforms. Recebido em: 02/04/2021 | Aceito em: 24/08/2021.

Comparison of Goal Scoring Patterns in “The Big Five” European Football Leagues

The objective of the study was to compare goal scoring patterns among the “Big Five” European football leagues during the 2009/2010–2018/2019 seasons. A total of 18 pattern dimensions related to the offense pattern, the shooting situation and the scoring time period were evaluated. Kruskal–Wallis analyses revealed significant pattern differences among the five leagues. The Spanish La Liga showed a greater proportion of goals from throw-ins. The English Premier League had a higher tendency to score from corner kicks. The German Bundesliga had the greatest number of goals from counterattacks and indirect free kicks, and the Italian Serie A had the greatest proportion of penalties. Ligue 1’s scoring ability is weaker than that of the other leagues, especially Bundesliga. The Bundesliga had an overwhelming advantage in goals scored on big chances with assists, while the Premier League had an advantage in goals scored with assists that were not from big chances. However, the differences among the five leagues in the mean goals scored in the last 15 min and the goals from elaborate attacks and direct free kicks were not statistically significant. These results provide a valuable addition to the knowledge of different goal patterns of each league and allow us to better understand the differences among the leagues.

HiSSI: high-order SNP-SNP interactions detection based on efficient significant pattern and differential evolution

Background Detecting single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) interactions is an important and challenging task in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Various efforts have been devoted to detect SNP interactions. However, the large volume of SNP datasets results in such a big number of high-order SNP combinations that restrict the power of detecting interactions. Methods In this paper, to combat with this challenge, we propose a two-stage approach (called HiSSI) to detect high-order SNP-SNP interactions. In the screening stage, HiSSI employs a statistically significant pattern that takes into account family wise error rate, to control false positives and to effectively screen two-locus combinations candidate set. In the searching stage, HiSSI applies two different search strategies (exhaustive search and heuristic search based on differential evolution along with χ2-test) on candidate pairwise SNP combinations to detect high-order SNP interactions. Results Extensive experiments on simulated datasets are conducted to evaluate HiSSI and recently proposed and related approaches on both two-locus and three-locus disease models. A real genome-wide dataset: breast cancer dataset collected from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) is also used to test HiSSI. Conclusions Simulated experiments on both two-locus and three-locus disease models show that HiSSI is more powerful than other related approaches. Real experiment on breast cancer dataset, in which HiSSI detects some significantly two-locus and three-locus interactions associated with breast cancer, again corroborate the effectiveness of HiSSI in high-order SNP-SNP interaction identification.

CASMAP: detection of statistically significant combinations of SNPs in association mapping

Summary Combinatorial association mapping aims to assess the statistical association of higher-order interactions of genetic markers with a phenotype of interest. This article presents combinatorial association mapping (CASMAP), a software package that leverages recent advances in significant pattern mining to overcome the statistical and computational challenges that have hindered combinatorial association mapping. CASMAP can be used to perform region-based association studies and to detect higher-order epistatic interactions of genetic variants. Most importantly, unlike other existing significant pattern mining-based tools, CASMAP allows for the correction of categorical covariates such as age or gender, making it suitable for genome-wide association studies. Availability and implementation The R and Python packages can be downloaded from our GitHub repository http://github.com/BorgwardtLab/CASMAP. The R package is also available on CRAN. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

The Welsh borderlands in the Anglo‑Saxon Chronicle

Chapter four argues for a significant pattern of political alliance in the Welsh borderlands in the later Anglo-Saxon period, beginning in the tenth century, where half a dozen raids carried out jointly by Mercian earls and northern Welsh rulers have gone unnoticed because they are recorded largely in Welsh sources. This pattern of political cohesion within the Welsh borderlands continues in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle throughout the eleventh century, both before and after the Norman arrival in 1066. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle represents the Welsh borderlands as a region which acted as an independent political force throughout the eleventh century. Chapter four also argues that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle represents the military culture of the Welsh borderlands in a distinctive way which aligns its inhabitants with outlaws.

An analysis of operational risk events in US and European Banks 2008–2014

This paper explores the characteristics of 2,141 operational risk events amongst European (EU) and US banks over the period 2008–2014. We have analysed the operational risk events using a method originating in biology for the study of interrelatedness of characteristics in a complex adaptive system. The methodology, called cladistics, provides insights into the relationships between characteristics of operational risk events in banks that is not available from the traditional statistical analysis. We have used cladistics to explore if there are consistent patterns of operational risk characteristics across banks in single and different geographic zones. One significant pattern emerged which indicates there are key, stable characteristics across both geographic zones and across banks in each zone. The results identify the characteristics that could then be managed by the banks to reduce operational risk losses. We also have analysed separately the characteristics of operational risk events for “big” banks and extreme events and these results indicate that big banks and small banks have similar key operational risk characteristics, but the characteristics of extreme operational risk events are different to those for the non-extreme events.