Metaphor Variation in Economic Discourse

This integrated cognitive-discourse study looks at the role of context in the variation of conceptual metaphor in economic discourse, which abounds in metaphors. The study is motivated by a general current interest in situational aspects of metaphorical conceptualisation in different professional discourses. The first research question is to test the relevance of metaphor variation for economic discourse and to investigate conceptual evolution of biological, mechanical and path/journey metaphors in this discourse type. Another research question is to determine particular types of context and contextual factors inducing metaphor variation in economic texts. The theoretical framework of the study is formed by the seminal theories of conceptual metaphor, conceptual evolution, knowledge framing and recent abundant research sharing an integrated cognitive-discourse approach to studying metaphor. The investigation revealed the salience of metaphor variation for economic discourse in a broad social context of its production: scientific, technological, career development, and discrimination at work contexts. The study adds to the understanding of the role contextual factors play in metaphorical meaning making and processing discourse. It can also have implications for further metaphor investigation in different professional discourses. Awareness of metaphor variation mechanisms in meaning making can also be instrumental in English for Specific Purposes pedagogy.

THESAURUS-I OF THE SECONDARY LANGUAGE PERSONALITY REPRESENTED IN THE ECONOMIC TEXTS IN ENGLISH

This article is devoted to the study of the verbal-semantic level (Thesaurus-I) of the secondary linguistic personality based on the analysis of texts on economic and financial topics. 8 texts (17,348 words, 97,712 characters, 132 minutes 36 seconds), which are transcripts of a monologue public speech by non-native English speakers at a TED conference, and 10 texts (19,227 words, 110,133 characters, 125 minutes 44 seconds), which are transcripts of native English speakers’ speeches, are served as the material for this study. The paper presents the results of a statistical analysis of the use of words frequency, proving the fact that Thesaurus-I of the secondary linguistic personality under analysis corresponds to the verbal-semantic level of native speakers. Further, the results of a statistical analysis of the use of Word Classes frequency are given indicating that the analyzed texts are a reflection of the real English language picture of the world. In addition, a thesaurus of English texts of an economic orientation has been built and analyzed, which allows describing the main characteristics of an English language picture of the world fragment, verbalized in texts of an economic orientation, and highlighting its inherent archetypes.

Performance Study of N-grams in the Analysis of Sentiments

In this work, a study investigation was carried out using n-grams to classify sentiments with different machine learning and deep learning methods. We used this approach, which combines existing techniques, with the problem of predicting sequence tags to understand the advantages and problems confronted with using unigrams, bigrams and trigrams to analyse economic texts. Our study aims to fill the gap by evaluating the performance of these n-grams features on different texts in the economic domain using nine sentiment analysis techniques and found more insights. We show that by comparing the performance of these features on different datasets and using multiple learning techniques, we extracted useful intelligence. The evaluation involves assessing the precision, recall, f1-score and accuracy of the function output of the several machine learning algorithms proposed. The methods were tested using Amazon, IMDB, Reuters, and Yelp economic review datasets and our comprehensive experiment shows the effectiveness of n-grams in the analysis of sentiments.

STRUCTURALLY SEMANTIC FEATURES OF PREFIXED VERBS IN GERMAN ECONOMIC TERMINOLOGY

The article is devoted to the studies of characteristics of word-formation structure and semantics of German economic verb-terms with prefixes be-, ge-, er-, ver-, zer-, ent-, emp-, miss-. The paper studies the stems of German prefixal verbs used as economic terms, examined by means of the determining their structural, semantic and functional organization. The examination of prefixal verbs’ stems proceeds from basic root words of derivational chains towards their cognate derivatives. Prefixal verbs are formed according to general language norms on the basis of prefixal derivational patterns of modern German. The results obtained show the decrease of borrowed verb-forming prefixes in German economic terminology. Prefixal verb stems form noun stems by means of suffixation and conversion which are very productive in German. Much attention is given to non-affixal derivative nouns formed by means of the processes of substantivization and conversion stems of infinitives, conversion stems of preterital prefixal verbs. The paper reveals the text-formative potential of prefixed verbs on the basis of German economic terms in economic texts. The derivational patterns of prefixed verbs on the basis of German economic terms in the economic texts are analysed. The article deals with the problems of the influence of context on word-formation structure of German economic verb-terms with prefixes be-, ge-, er-, ver-, zer-, ent-, emp-, miss-. The research has been done on the basis of the translation of German economic texts.

La Terminología económica y La dificultad de su traducción entre la lengua árabe y la española

This study aims at exploring and solving the main obstacles in translating economic texts from Arabic into Spanish and vice versa and their impact on translating economic terminology. To that end, the study shows that the translation of economic terminology is a complex process demanding linguistic and educational proficiency, specialized terminology awareness of any extra crucial meaning to the source and target language, frequent use of metaphoric expressions and collocations in business media discourse as well as the ability to use the appropriate translation techniques and strategies that are considered the cornerstone of a good economic translation.

SEMANTIC AND STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATING PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH MONEY COMPONENT (BASED ON MODERN ENGLISH AND GERMAN ECONOMIC TEXTS)

The purpose of the paper is to summarise and present semantic and structural peculiarities of phraseological units with MONEY component translation, based on modern English and German Economic texts. Methodology. The survey is based on comparison of semantic and structural peculiarities of phraseological units with MONEY component, that can be used in modern Economic texts in English and German languages and main methods of their translation into the Ukrainian language. For research of features of phraseology units with a component on denotation of MONEY translation we analysed 164 English phraseological units with the structure of word-combinations, that were investigated and described the main ways of their translation and 103 phraseological units from the economic articles of German newspapers. The analysis of the economic articles gave possibility to carry out thematic classification of phraseological units with the component-name MONEY in English (money, penny, cent, dollar, pound, cash) and German languages (Geld, Mark, Euro, Cent), within the framework of that the groups of phraseological units are distinguished with sema composition of the meaning. According to semantic classification English and German phraseology units with a MONEY component were divided into such groups: on denotation of riches and profit, wastefulness and charges, feelings and looks of man, relation of man to money, poverty and lack of money and on denotation of currency and bank transactions. The percentage ratio of semantic groups of English and German phraseological units with MONEY component in the economic sphere is represented on diagrams. Basic methods of phraseological units translation that are used by translators for the achievement of maximal adequacy of translation are distinguished. Among the methods of English phraseological units translation with a MONEY component the following one are distinguished: selection of equivalent, analogue, by the method of literal and descriptive translation whereas German phraseology units with a MONEY component are translated by phraseology and unphraseology methods; to phraseology the method of selection of eauivalent or analogue is taken, to unphraseology correspond calquing and descriptive translation. Carried analysis of features of English and German phraseology units with a MONEY component into the Ukrainian language translation did possible the reflection of research results by means of the diagram.