Feature reanalysis and the Latin origin of Romance Negative Concord

This chapter investigates the sequence of changes leading from the Latin system of negation to the various Romance outcomes. While Classical Latin is a Double Negation language, the earliest Romance varieties show a Negative Concord grammar. In the proposed analysis, this seemingly paradoxical development is explained by situating the prerequisites for Negative Concord already at the Late Latin stage. In Late Latin, a featural and structural reanalysis of the negative marker entails the activation of a projection in the clause where sentential negation has to be identified. This, in turn, triggers the grammaticalization of new negatively marked indefinites licensed in the scope of negation. These indefinites establish a syntactic relation first with the Focus Phrase (as negation strengtheners) and subsequently with the Negation Phrase, yielding a Negative Concord system. This study highlights the importance of generative research on the nature and format of syntactic features for our understanding of diachrony.

Sensitivity analysis of truck structure based on CA algorithm

With the continuous improvement of modern CAE technology, structural reanalysis algorithm has gradually come into people’s vision and developed rapidly. The structure reanalysis algorithm introduced in this paper is an accelerated calculation method. The core idea of this algorithm is to avoid the complete analytical calculations after the structure modification, and reduce the calculation scale, save the calculation time, improve the efficiency of CAE simulation effectively on the premise of meeting the requirements of structure accuracy. The objective of this paper that is based on the initial third-order modal information of the truck structure is to control the overall quality of the structure. And it has important guiding significance for practical production. In this paper, different design variables are set in combination with the structural reanalysis algorithm. While the parameters of design variables are modified, sensitivity information analysis and Taylor expansion theorem are used to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the structural reanalysis method in optimal calculation

The Neurology of Negation

This chapter provides an overview of psycho- and neurolinguistic studies on negation with healthy adult speakers, as well as studies on patients with focal brain damage. Semantically, negation inverts the truth value and the direction of entailment, and it is associated with a more complex syntactic structure. Behavioral evidence shows that negative sentences are associated with increased complexity and processing load. In the ERP data, an unlicensed negative polarity item (NPI) elicits an N400, due to semantic integration cost, whereas a positive one (PPI) elicits a P600, due to structural reanalysis or pragmatic discourse processing. Neuroimaging studies with fMRI have shown that while positive polarity engages the temporo-parietal region, the syntactic complexity of negation increases activation in promoter cortex (BA 6), not in Broca’s area—which converges with the evidence showing that negation is relatively spared in Broca’s aphasia.

Dependency Parsing with your Eyes: Dependency Structure Predicts Eye Regressions During Reading

Backward saccades during reading have been hypothesized to be involved in structural reanalysis, or to be related to the level of text difficulty. We test the hypothesis that backward saccades are involved in online syntactic analysis. If this is the case we expect that saccades will coincide, at least partially, with the edges of the relations computed by a dependency parser. In order to test this, we analyzed a large eye-tracking dataset collected while 102 participants read three short narrative texts. Our results show a relation between backward saccades and the syntactic structure of sentences.

Reanalysis of Modified Structures by Adding or Removing Substructures

This study considers structural reanalysis owing to the modification of structural elements including (1) addition of substructures, (2) removal of substructures, and (3) changes in design variables. Coupling and decoupling reanalysis methods proposed in the study are performed by using the concept of compatibility conditions at interface nodes between the substructures or between the original structure and the substructures. Subsequently, a generalized inverse method to describe constrained responses is modified to obtain the reanalysis responses. In this study, constrained equilibrium equations are modified to consider a reanalysis of a structure with the addition and removal of statically stable or unstable substructures. The proposed reanalysis method is examined by using five examples of handling coupling and decoupling reanalysis of a truss structure.

STRUCTURAL IDENTIFICATION OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS USING PARAMETER UPDATING REANALYSIS METHOD: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION USING THE MEASURED DATA

In this study, the proposed parameter updating reanalysis method was directly used on the measured data of the structures. Structural reanalysis generates a correlated analytical model that defines the structure on applying the initially assumed baseline analytical model and is presented through the structure’s FRF (frequency response function). Two numerical tests were previously conducted in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested reanalysis method. The suggested method generates the correlated analytical model with higher precision, as compared to the existing method, despite the application of the noise factor to the observed data. The method initially proven by the numerical experiment of an actual structure was applied to a pseudo-dynamic test on the full-scale concrete pier. The results indicate that the proposed reanalysis is useful even for application to response data of the actual structure.

Damage identification using structural modes based on substructure virtual distortion method

A damage identification approach is presented using substructure virtual distortion method which takes the advantage of the fast structural reanalysis technique of virtual distortion method. The formulas of substructure virtual distortion method are deduced in frequency domain, and then the frequency response function of the damaged structure is constructed quickly via the superposition of the frequency response function of the intact structure and the frequency responses caused by the damage-coupling virtual distortions of the substructures. The structural damage extents are identified using the measured modal parameters. Two steps are adopted to increase the efficiency of optimization: the modals of finite element model are estimated quickly from the fast constructed frequency response function during the optimization and the primary distortions of the substructures are extracted by contribution analysis to further reduce the computational work. A six-story frame numerical model and an experiment of a cantilever beam are carried out, respectively, to verify the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.

The Diachronic Development of French -age between Usage-Related Shifts and Grammatical Change

French -age developed from Latin relational adjectives in -aticus that were by and by nominalized, thereby incorporating the former head noun as a semantic constituent. In this article, it is argued that the Modern French -age derivation originated from the (re-)association of a semantically vacuous formative and an abstract semantic feature. This semantic feature gradually emerged through abstraction from the existing concrete derivatives and, once established, has determined the range of possible interpretations of newly coined formations up to this day. The most important result of the analysis is that, apart from a structural reanalysis of the Latin nominalized relational -aticus adjectives, French -age did not undergo any meaning change at all, the stability of its meaning being due to the abovementioned continuous interplay between the abstract semantic feature and the usage of the various concrete -age nominalizations.