Masked Translation Priming With Concreteness of Cross-Script Cognates in Visual Word Recognition by Chinese Learners of English: An ERP Study

Translation equivalents for cognates in different script systems share the same meaning and phonological similarity but are different orthographically. Event-related potentials were recorded during the visual recognition of cross-script cognates and non-cognates together with concreteness factors while Chinese learners of English performed a lexical decision task with the masked translation priming paradigm in Experiment 1 (forward translation: L1–L2) and Experiment 2 (backward translation: L2–L1). N400 effect was found to be closely related to priming effects of cross-script cognate status and concreteness in Experiment 1; and in Experiment 2, N150 and N400 effects were related to priming effects of cross-script cognate status and concreteness, and greater priming effects of cross-script cognate status in cognates than in non-cognates for abstract words were found in the time window of 100–200 ms. Meanwhile, the asymmetry of translation directions was observed in smaller priming effects in forward translation than in backward translation in the time window of 100–200 ms for abstract cognates, and in larger priming effects in forward translation than in backward translation in the time window of 350–550 ms for each type of words. We discussed the roles of phonological activation and concreteness effects in view of the function of N150 and N400 components as well as the relevant models, mainly the Distributed Feature Model and Bilingual Interactive Activation (BIA+) model.

Adaptation and Preliminary Validation of the Arabic Version of the Role Checklist Version 3 (RCv3)

Arab occupational therapists are in need either to develop their own outcome measures or to translate well-known outcome measures to their culture. The objective of this study was to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate preliminarily the Role Checklist Version 3 (RCv3) into Arabic language. The translation and cross-cultural adaptation process of the RCv3 into Arabic language was conducted in four main steps: (a) forward translation, (b) back translation, (c) expert panel review process, and (d) psychometric testing (Validity). The expert panel established the face validity and the content validity of the Arabic RCv3. Pilot testing was conducted, and the utility and content validity of the tool were confirmed. The final version of the Arabic RCv3 is now available for use in the Arab countries. However, further psychometric properties including reliability and responsiveness of this tool is warranted, thus supporting its wide use and proper application.

Cultural Adaptation and Testing of the Italian Version of the Edmonton Functional Assessment Tool-2 (EFAT2-I)

Background Physiotherapy in Palliative Care (PC) is effective in the management of a series of respiratory, circulatory and motor symptoms, and often has a positive impact on the patient's mood. The Edmonton Functional Assessment Tool (EFAT) is the only existing validated tool specifically designed for functional assessment in PC, and its use has been recommended in clinical practice. To date, no Italian version of the tool has been validated. The aim of this study was to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the EFAT2. Method After receiving formal permission from the author, Beaton guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation were followed, namely: (1) forward translation; (2) a multidisciplinary focus group (including 4 physiotherapists, 1 physician, 3 nurses, 1 occupational therapist, 1 psychologist) to assess semantic, idiomatic, experiential, and conceptual equivalence; (3) backward translation. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was used to assess content validity of the tool. Construct and concurrent validity were also evaluated. To evaluate the reliability of the EFAT2-I, reliability was measured using Cronbach alfa, item-total correlation, and Cohen's Kappa. Results 119 patients admitted to a Palliative Care Unit (Italy) agreed to participate in the study. The EFAT2-I mean score was 11.3, ranging from 0 to 30. Very good CVI scores were achieved, both in terms of single item validity (I-CVI) and of whole scale validity (S-CVI). Positive results were obtained from construct, concurrent validity assessment and measures of reliability. Discussion The EFAT2-I showed good psychometric properties and can be used as a rehabilitation assessment tool in palliative care settings. The validation of the Italian version will allow comparison of different centres and palliative care facilities on national and international levels.

Spanish version of the Frontotemporal Dementia Knowledge Scale: adaptation and validation

ABSTRACT Background: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a neurodegenerative disease and is one of the most common causes of dementia in people under 65. There is often a significant diagnostic delay, as FTD can be confused with other psychiatric conditions. A lack of knowledge regarding FTD by health professionals is one possible cause for this diagnostic confusion. Objectives: The aim of this study was to adapt and validate the Frontotemporal Dementia Knowledge Scale (FTDKS) in Spanish. Methods: A translation was done, following cross-cultural adaptation guidelines, which consisted of forward translation, blind back translation, and an analysis by a committee of experts. For the present study, 134 professionals from different health areas responded the Spanish version of the FTDKS. The statistical analysis was performed using R version 4.0.0 “Arbor day” and the Psych, sjPlot packages. Results: The Spanish version of the FTDKS had good reliability and internal consistency (Cronbach alpha 0.74.). The sample's mean score was 19.78 (range = 4-32, SD 6.3) out of a maximum of 36 points. Conclusions: The results obtained show that the Spanish version has good psychometric properties. The FTDKS is applicable in our environment and can be a useful tool to evaluate the knowledge of health professionals regarding frontotemporal dementia.

Cultural and Linguistic Adaptation for the Romanian Language Version of the Cardiff Acne Disability Index: A Pilot Study on the Web-Based Experience of Cognitive Debriefing

Background The Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI) is a validated measurement instrument for quality of life evaluation in young patients with acne. The original version was designed in English, and it has been translated to other languages. An adaptation for the Romanian language was lacking. Objective The main objective of this study was to evaluate the comprehensibility of the Romanian language adaptation of the CADI in a small sample of patients with acne. Methods Guided by the team at Cardiff University, we conducted the stages of the standardized translation process—forward translation, the reconciliation of translated versions, back translation, and cognitive debriefing. The cognitive debriefing stage involved applying the CADI to a small sample of patients. This was followed by individual interviews in which each question was discussed. Ethical approval was obtained for the cognitive debriefing stage. We administered this measure as a web-based form. The completion times for each individual question and for the entire survey were automatically recorded. The interviews for assessing comprehensibility and suitability for the Romanian language and culture were also held as live, web-based meetings. Results A total of 7 patients with acne—4 females and 3 males—aged between 19 and 34 years were included. All subjects were native speakers of the Romanian language. They had mild or moderate acne. The mean completion time for the survey was 3.28 minutes. The mean score for the CADI was 5.4286. All participants agreed that the language used in this quality of life measurement instrument was simple, clear, and adequate for their native language. Conclusions Despite the epidemiologic restrictions against COVID-19, through teledermatology, we achieved cultural adaptation for the CADI in a language that previously lacked a specific tool for assessing quality of life impairment in patients with acne. Conflicts of Interest CMS receives royalties from Springer Nature, consulting fees from Vichy International, and support for attending meetings from Leo Pharma. SC has no conflicts of interest.

Cultural and Linguistic Adaptation for the Romanian Language Version of the Cardiff Acne Disability Index: A Pilot Study on the Web-Based Experience of Cognitive Debriefing (Preprint)

BACKGROUND The Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI) is a validated measurement instrument for quality of life evaluation in young patients with acne. The original version was designed in English, and it has been translated to other languages. An adaptation for the Romanian language was lacking. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to evaluate the comprehensibility of the Romanian language adaptation of the CADI in a small sample of patients with acne. METHODS Guided by the team at Cardiff University, we conducted the stages of the standardized translation process—forward translation, the reconciliation of translated versions, back translation, and cognitive debriefing. The cognitive debriefing stage involved applying the CADI to a small sample of patients. This was followed by individual interviews in which each question was discussed. Ethical approval was obtained for the cognitive debriefing stage. We administered this measure as a web-based form. The completion times for each individual question and for the entire survey were automatically recorded. The interviews for assessing comprehensibility and suitability for the Romanian language and culture were also held as live, web-based meetings. RESULTS A total of 7 patients with acne—4 females and 3 males—aged between 19 and 34 years were included. All subjects were native speakers of the Romanian language. They had mild or moderate acne. The mean completion time for the survey was 3.28 minutes. The mean score for the CADI was 5.4286. All participants agreed that the language used in this quality of life measurement instrument was simple, clear, and adequate for their native language. CONCLUSIONS Despite the epidemiologic restrictions against COVID-19, through teledermatology, we achieved cultural adaptation for the CADI in a language that previously lacked a specific tool for assessing quality of life impairment in patients with acne.

Linguistic Validation of Indonesian Version of the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life Questionnaire

Background: One of the impacts experienced by diabetes mellitus patients is a decrease in their quality of life. The Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL) is a widely used individualized diabetes-specific quality of life measure. However, there was no version available in the Indonesian language. Objective: This study is aimed to undertake linguistic validation, including a cultural adaptation of the ADDQoL questionnaire into the Indonesian language. Method: The original developer granted permission to use and modify the questionnaire. The international linguistic validation procedure developed by the Mapi Research Institute was used. There were six steps involved: forward translation, reconciliation, back translation, expert panel review by a psychologist and clinician, cognitive debriefing with diabetes patients, and proofreading. Result: Problems that arose during the linguistic validation process were resolved by finding conceptually equivalent alternatives and changing sentence structures to achieve equivalence in language, concept, and culture with the original version of the ADDQoL. The developer's team reviewed and discussed all actions taken. Cognitive debriefing interviews with five respondents showed that the ADDQoL questionnaire was simple to understand. Conclusion: The Indonesian version of the ADDQoL is linguistically and culturally validated. Further studies are needed to confirm the structure and reliability of the Indonesian ADDQoL.

The Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the COVID-19 Burnout Scale

Background: Because of the long duration of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, people may suffer greatly from the common burnout caused by this virus. Objectives: Considering the psychological consequences of COVID-19, this study investigated the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the COVID-19 Burnout Scale (COVID-19-BS). Methods: The Persian version of the COVID-19-BS was prepared through forward translation, reconciliation, and back-translation. The method of the study was descriptive (psychometric). The statistical population included all students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from October 2020 to October 2021. Using the convenience sampling method, 251 students were selected. All participants completed the COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale (C-19ASS), the Compassion Scale (CS), and the COVID-19-BS. Convergent validity, divergent validity, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to evaluate the validity. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25 and LISREL 8.5 software. Results: The findings supported the single-factor structure of COVID-19-BS and a good internal consistency of the scale. Internal consistency obtained by Cronbach’s alpha method for the total score of C-19ASS was 0.72, indicating a good internal consistency. The COVID-19-BS had a positive and significant correlation with the C-19ASS (P = 0.01, r = 0.37) and a negative and significant correlation with the CS (P = 0.01, r = -0.41), indicating the convergent and divergent validity of this scale (P

The Swedish translation and cultural adaptation of the Measure of Moral Distress for Healthcare Professionals (MMD-HP)

Background Moral distress has been described as an emotionally draining condition caused by being prevented from providing care according to one’s convictions. Studies have described the impact of moral distress on healthcare professionals, their situations and experiences. The Measure of Moral Distress for Healthcare Professionals (MMD-HP) is a questionnaire that measures moral distress experienced by healthcare professionals at three levels: patient, system and team. The aim of this project was to translate and make a cultural adaption of the MMD -HP to the Swedish context. Methods The questionnaire comprises 27 items, rated according to frequency and intensity on a five-point Likert scale (0–4). The procedure for translating MMD-HP followed WHO guidelines (2020). These entailed a forward translation from English to Swedish, a back translation, expert panel validation, pretesting and cognitive face-to-face interviews with 10 healthcare professionals from various professions and healthcare contexts. Results The Swedish version of MMD-HP corresponds essentially to the concept of the original version. Parts of some items’ had to be adjusted or removed in order to make the item relevant and comprehensible in a Swedish context. Overall, the cognitive interviewees recognized the content of the items which generally seemed relevant and comprehensible. Conclusion The Swedish version of MMD-HP could be a useful tool for measuring moral distress among healthcare professionals in a Swedish healthcare context.

Linguistic validation of the Diabetic foot ulcer scale short form (DFS-SF): a methodological approach

Objective: to presenting the linguistic validation of the Diabetic Foot Ulcer Scale Short-Form (DFS-SF) among patients with ulcer diabetic foot (DFU) to Brazilian Portuguese and evaluate its content, practicability and acceptability.Methods and casuistry: a cross-sectional, methodological research, was conducted among 30 outpatients in follow-up for DF, assessed regarding QoL, sociodemographic and clinical data. International recommendations provided bythe Mapi Research Trust on adaptation procedures were followed: the stages of Forward translation, Backward translation and the Cognitive interview were carried out. The Content Validity Index was calculated and a pre-test were gathered to produce a pre-final version. Practicability and acceptability were also assessed. Results: the semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalences between the linguistic validated and the original version were obtained.The DFS-SF was practical, well accepted and easy to understand. Conclusion: the linguistic validation process of the Brazilian version of the DFS-SF has been completed in accordance with internationally recommended standards.The instrument was easy to apply, to understand and presented short time for administration.