Kept in the Family: Remarriage, Siblings, and Consanguinity in the Netherlands

Widowhood involves many practical challenges next to the emotional impact of bereavement. Remarriage to a blood relative of a deceased spouse can often help a bereaved spouse to solve issues related to inheritance, child care, and comfort in a stressful period. A study of 15,540 widowers and 18,837 widows in the Dutch province of Zeeland—of whom about 8,000 men and 5,000 women eventually remarried—which uses genealogical data about their partners and the links family-reconstitution database, finds that the relatively high likelihood of farmers’ widows remarrying and doing so with kin may have been a strategy to prevent property from falling into the hands of other families. Notwithstanding that the attractiveness of a widow or widower could also be a factor in opportunities to remarry, older widows and widows with many young children, whose chances on the remarriage market tended to be poor, did not usually have such recourse to kin in remarriage.

Evaluation of Present Status of Hypertension at Port City Chattogram, Bangladesh: A Survey Study

Hypertension is one of the most common Non-Communicable Diseases, which is increasing day by day, and its complications account for 9.4 million annual deaths worldwide. The rate of hypertension in Chattogram is relatively higher and majority are undiagnosed hypertension. This study was conducted to investigate the risk factors of hypertension on the population of Chattogram and to determine the complication of Hypertension. This survey study was carried out from June 2019 to December 2019. From the survey, it was found that about 49% of people have hypertension in age between 20-49, 43% people have in age between 50-79, about 12% people have in age above 80, and majority of population have hypertension in age between 20-49. Among them, about 46% of male are suffered fromhypertension whereasfemale are 57%. Hence, the risk of hypertension is higherin female rather than in male. About 50% of people have systolic blood pressure range above 130, 38% people have above 160, 10 people have above 180 & 6% people have above 100. About 44% of people have blood relative with hypertension, about 35% people do not have & about 24% people do not aware of the relative with hypertension. Among them about 21% people are given metformin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in hypertension & about 10% people are given both metformin & glibenclamide. About 54% of people are given Enalapril, 33% people are given Amlodipine, 7% people are given both enalapril & Amlodipine and 5% people are given hydrochlorothiazide. Compliance with treatment was relatively high; however, accessessibilty of drugs was mainly from private pharmacies. Hypertension was significantly associated with increasing age, being male, unemployment and obesity.

Осмысление дороги в аспекте диспозиции «свой» и «чужой» (на материале калмыцкой политической баллады ХХ в.)

The article discusses the concept of “road” in the aspect of the disposition of “your” and “alien” on the material of Kalmyk political ballad of the XX century —”Julian Grimau” (Rus. transl. “The Ballad about Communist”) by Yegor Budzhalov and “Ooshk torhn — Rosa kyukn” (Rus. transl. “Ballad about the girl Rosa”) by Moradzhi Narmaev. The political perspective of these ballads is determined by historical events (civil war, imprisonment of political figures, execution, loss of eyesight), historical characters (Julian Grimau, Henry Winston), the members of the Communist Party of their countries, the main place names (Spain, the United States of America, the Soviet Union). The dichotomy of “one’s own” and “another’s” in Budzhalov’s ballad demonstrates political (fascism and democracy), ideological (imperialism and the communist Party), social (protest of different countries against the verdict of Grimau) and personal (Franco and Grimau) vectors. This is the boundary between the life and death of the hero, his path to the grave, to non-existence, physical and spiritual immortality, it is the conclusion of his human fate. In the Narmaev’s ballad the “one’s own” and “another’s” disposition is represented in theintercrossing of different people’s lives — the American communist G. Winston, his opponents, his friends, Soviet people, including the author himself, Soviet Youth and Rosa girl in particular — when the “stranger” communist from the USA becomes “one’s own” like-minded person, when a stranger literally becomes a blood relative, when long distances do not become an obstacle to good deeds and thoughts, when someone else’s life is saved at the cost of self-sacrifice. These works of Kalmyk poets bear the imprint of their time in a pronounced socio-political and ideological perspective, without reducing the humanistic and moral-ethical vector of the author’s intention.

On ‘affective’ exceptions to sound change: an example from the Mojeño (Arawakan) kinship terminology system

This paper discusses a postulated non-sound change-based development derived from the detection of an exception to a regular segmental correspondence and shows how this proposal receives independent support from internal etymologization within the domain of kinship terms. The affricate in the Proto-Mojeño etymon *-ótse ‘grandmother’ is hypothesized to derive from affective strengthening of a fricative *s, thus modifying the expected reflex *-óse via affective or phonosymbolic affrication. The fact that the predicted fricative reflex is found when *-óse ‘grandmother’ occurs as a member of a compound for ‘mother-in-law’, a meaning not subject to affective modification, offers striking support for the hypothesis. The paper illustrates how internally structured lexical fields — where relations of partial (internal) cognation exist — such as kinship terminology systems, provide an interesting testing ground for claims on affective, non-lautgesetzlich formal modifications, given the fact that etymologically related forms belong to domains (such as ‘blood relative’ versus ‘affine relative’) that differ in crucial ways as far as the affective dispositions and attitudes of speakers are concerned.

The Effectiveness of the Implementation of Customary Fines in Settlement of Seclusion Cases in Banda Aceh

Seclusion (khalwat) is the activity conducted in a quiet place between two individuals of different sex who are not mahram (blood relative) without the legitimate marriage bond and the willingness from both parties, which leads to adultery. Fine is one of the customary penalties given to the perpetrators of khalwat. In practice, implemented of fines between one region and another is different. The study aims to identify the types of adat fines charged to khalwat perpetrators and the effectiveness of implementation on the settlement customary fines in Banda Aceh. It used a juridical-empirical research method. The data used, in addition to primary and secondary legal material, also used an in-depth interview with respondents. The data analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. This research conducted in Banda Aceh district. The research results show that the kind of customary fines given to khalwat perpetrators was different. There are even some cases begun to shift, and some considered that being married because of khalwat was considered one of the customary fines. Customary fines are effective in reducing offense of khalwat. However, there are concerns if the decision of the customary fines does not get optimal support from law enforcement officials. Expected, customary official affirmed kind of customary fine given to khalwat perpetrators. The difference subtle, need to consider the aspect of justice, the ability, and effective whereabouts of fines to reduction offense of khalwat.

Spatial and temporal patterns of nitric oxide diffusion and degradation drive emergent cerebrovascular dynamics

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signaling molecule that plays an important role in neurovascular coupling. NO produced by neurons diffuses into the smooth muscle surrounding cerebral arterioles, driving vasodilation. However, the rate of NO degradation in hemoglobin is orders of magnitude higher than in brain tissue, though how this might impact NO signaling dynamics is not completely understood. We used simulations to investigate how the spatial and temporal patterns of NO generation and degradation impacted dilation of a penetrating arteriole in cortex. We found that the spatial location of NO production and the size of the vessel both played an important role in determining its responsiveness to NO. The much higher rate of NO degradation and scavenging of NO in the blood relative to the tissue drove emergent vascular dynamics. Large vasodilation events could be followed by post-stimulus constrictions driven by the increased degradation of NO by the blood, and vasomotion-like 0.1-0.3 Hz oscillations could also be generated. We found that these dynamics could be enhanced by elevation of free hemoglobin in the plasma, which occurs in diseases such as malaria and sickle cell anemia, or following blood transfusions. Finally, we show that changes in blood flow during hypoxia or hyperoxia could be explained by altered NO degradation in the parenchyma. Our simulations suggest that many common vascular dynamics may be emergent phenomenon generated by NO degradation by the blood or parenchyma.

HEMATOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE IMPORTED ANIMALS DURING THE ADAPTATION

Hematological profiles of imported Holstein bulls were studied twice after quarantine in order to control the process of adaptation of animals to new environmental conditions. It is shown that after quarantine in animals there was an increased content of leukocytes and hemoglobin in the blood relative to the physiological norm, which reflects the change in the functional state of the organism of bulls in connection with the change of the environment. The leukocyte content of 1/4 of imported bulls remained almost unchanged during the study period, and in more than 66 % of cases its subsequent decrease to the upper limit of the norm was observed. At the same time, it was noted that in some animals the decrease in the level of leukocytes occurred smoothly, while in others there were sharp falls. There were cases of a sharp increase in the number of lymphocytes (up to 93 %) a month after the quarantine of animals on the background of a decrease in neutrophils. The average content of erythrocytes in the blood was included within the boundaries of the reference values. Variation of this indicator was not high, in 83.3 % of animals it remained almost at the same level. The ratio of the volume of shaped elements and blood plasma in the studied bulls did not go beyond the physiological norm. The number of platelets in the blood of all bulls was within the reference limits. The imported bulls in the initial period of adaptation observed changes in the hematological profile, and subsequently formed a tendency to normalize the level of hematological parameters, which in the future will allow the animals to realize the genetic potential.