Thermodynamic and kinetic models for the removal of copper and cadmium using industrial effluents by mixed adsorbent

The potential of Activated Charcoal and bone Charcoal as a low cost material for the removal of copper and cadmium from synthetic metal solution was studied. A number of experiments were performed in order to determine the potential capacity of the adsorbent in terms of thermo Dynamic equilibrium from the batch data. The Positive values of change in Enthalpy show that the process is endothermic in nature for Cd (II) and the negative values of Change in Enthalpy shows that the process is exothermic in nature for Cu (II). The standard Gibb’s free energy values are positive which means that the process is not spontaneous in nature. The negative values of ΔS show that there is decrease in randomness at the solid/solution interface during the adsorption of copper. The study revealed that mixed adsorbent prepared by blending the activated charcoal and bone charcoal in 1: 1 ratio has more potential to act as an adsorbent for the removal of Cu and Cd from aqueous solution. The optimum temperature was found to be 40°C for both the metals. The higher correlation coefficient R2(0.9824) value shown that cadmium ions were well fitted the thermodynamic model comparing copper ions. The batch adsorption studies have been carried out for 2 hrs considering all the 6 parameters by optimizing each of them. The data obtained for optimized parameters were studied through fitting of kinetic models such as Pseudo-first order and Pseudo second order models for both Copper and Cadmium along with Correlation or regression coefficient (R2) values.

Evaluating the addition of starry triggerfish (Abalistes stellaris) bone charcoal as a feed supplement to the growth performance and intestinal villi length of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Nile tilapia is a freshwater fish that is widely cultivated in Indonesia. During its development, tilapia aquaculture has constraints such as low growth rates. Therefore, it is necessary to add a feed additive to the feed in the form of charcoal. Charcoal is an adsorbent that has high absorption so that the addition of charcoal in the feed can increase the absorption of nutrients of tilapia. A 45-days trial was conducted to determine the percentage of addition of triggerfish bone charcoal (Abalistes stellaris) as a feed supplement that affect the growth performance and intestines of tilapia. The research design was a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 2 replications as treatments including: treatment A (control), B (addition of 1%charcoal), C (addition of 2% charcoal) and D (addition of 3% charcoal). A total of 240 tilapia fingerlings (5-7 cm) were used and placed in 8 aquariums then filled with 72 liters of water. Providing adlibitum (unlimited) feed with a frequency of 2 times a day. The ANOVA test showed that the addition of triggerfish bone charcoal (A. stellaris) in the feed was not significantly different (P 0.05) in weight growth, absolute length and daily length growth but it was significantly different (P 0.05) in feed conversion ratio and the efficiency of feed utilization. Based on result, it was concluded that the addition of 3% charcoal was the best treatment which gave the lengthiest of villi which was increasing the length of the intestinal villi to 71.11 µm from the initial length of 162.22 µm. easel at 233.33 μm, showed the highest feed conversion ratio value and feed efficiency (1.12 %, 89.6%).Keywords:CharcoalFish boneIntestinal histologyStarry triggerfish

The age of Clovis—13,050 to 12,750 cal yr B.P.

Thirty-two radiocarbon ages on bone, charcoal, and carbonized plant remains from 10 Clovis sites range from 11,110 ± 40 to 10,820 ± 10 14C years before the present (yr B.P.). These radiocarbon ages provide a maximum calibrated (cal) age range for Clovis of ~13,050 to ~12,750 cal yr B.P. This radiocarbon record suggests that Clovis first appeared at the end of the Allerød and is one of at least three contemporary archaeological complexes in the Western Hemisphere during the terminal Pleistocene. Stemmed projectile points in western North America are coeval and even older than Clovis, and the Fishtail point complex is well established in the southern cone of South America by ~12,900 cal yr B.P. Clovis disappeared ~12,750 cal yr B.P. at the beginning of the Younger Dryas, coincident with the extinction of the remaining North American megafauna (Proboscideans) and the appearance of multiple North American regional archaeological complexes.

Assessment of bone charcoal dusts of six species of mammal for the postharvest control of Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) infestations of cowpea seeds: can the charcoal dust affect seed viability in laboratory and in field?

Objectives The possibility that bone charcoal dusts of some species of mammal will control the major insect pest of stored cowpea seeds and the implications on seed viability (after pest control process) were investigated in the laboratory at ambient temperature (30 ± 3°C) and relative humidity (70 ± 5%) and in field. Materials and Methods Standard entomological and agronomical techniques were used. Results The results showed that at 1.0% w/w dosage, the bone charcoal dusts of Ovis aries and Bos taurus were more effective than permethrin standard insecticide in killing adult Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. infesting cowpea seeds in storage. Bos taurus had a faster action speed than permethrin at 1.0% w/w. At 1.5% w/w of dust, all the species of mammal investigated deterred oviposition considerably in C. maculatus females, whereas only the bone charcoal dusts of O. aries and Sus scrofa were comparable with permethrin in suppressing adult emergence and seed damage; S. scrofa only was comparable with permethrin in reducing larval density. Bone charcoal dusts of O. aries and S. scrofa require chemical and olfactory analyses to know if they might have caused irritation to the insects and disrupted insect circadian rhythm, affecting behaviour and mating activities, adversely. The bone charcoal dusts of the six species of mammal at a highest test dose of 1.5% w/w allowed high seed viability in both laboratory and field. Conclusion The study recommends the use of bone charcoal dusts of O. aries and S. scrofa at economical- and quality-favourable dose 1.5% w/w for managers seeking to control C. maculatus insect attacking cowpea seeds in storage. The transitive components of the bones, abrasion of the insect epicuticle lipid layer by the charcoal dust, and combustion-related toxic factors were responsible for the insecticidal activities of the bone charcoal dusts of the mammals.

A Review of Fluoride Removal from Groundwater

Most of the arid and semiarid zones of the Indian subcontinent are seriously affected by the fluorosis problem due to high concentration of the fluoride in ground water. Due to leaching of fluoride from the fluoride bearing rocks, the groundwater gets contaminated with fluoride. The different techniques for fluoride removal namely, the Activated alumina, the Nalgonda technique, bone charcoal, contact precipitation, electro-dialysis, reverse osmosis, ion-exchange, clay column, bio-adsorbents and MgO are discussed in detail. Their advantages and disadvantages together with the applicability in actual use also been discussed in the paper.

Potensi Limbah Tulang Kambing Sebagai Arang Aktif Yang Teraktivasi Asam Sulfat

<p>Bone is one of the wastes result in environmental pollution and public health issues if it is thrown directly into the environment. The aim of this research was to study the characteristics of activated charcoal of activated sulfuric acid goat bone. The process of making activated charcoal of goat bone included two stages of process, herein consisted of first carbonization process of goat bone at temperature of 700 C for 20 minutes to produce goat bone charcoal. The second process is chemical activation by using sulfuric acid activator at various concentrations of 1N, 2N and 3N for<br />24 hours. The results showed that the best activated charcoal characteristic of sulfuric acid was at 3N sulfuric acid concentration, 0.289% moisture content, ash content of 6.4%, absorption capacity of Iod 983 mg / g, volatile matter 15,017, fixed carbon 82.013 and spectra FTIR of activated carbon showed spectra of absorption band at wave number 3546,143 – 3604,135 cm-1 on vibration of group -OH, with intensity 76%. Overall, the results revealed that the quality of activated charcoal of goat bone is<br />still eligible of the values recommended by SNI-06-4253-1996 about the quality of activated charcoal.</p>

The examination of humic substances in soils and composts with high organic content with different methods

The organic materials, especially the complex structural humic substances are acid-characteristic polymers which are key elements of soils. Despite their relatively small quantity, humic substances have beneficial effects on soil nutrient management, development of optimal soil structure, regulation of soil temperature, and proper water management. The application of the UV-VIS spectrophotometry for describing humic substances in soils and determining of humifical state is nowadays a widespread method. The E4/E6 procedure (which were determined between 465 and 665 nm wavelength) and the Hargitai-method (the extinction of extracts measured between 400 and 750 nm at 9 wavelength) are procedures that have become the general tool for determining the quality of humic matters because of its easy accessibility and smaller need of instrumentations. Nevertheless, their usefulness has been criticized in scientific communities because of the high human error factor and the technical limitations of the simpler spectrophotometric instruments. Nowadays the spreading light scattering photometric examinations using lasers as the Static Light Scattering (SLS) or the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) could be a new way of measuring the quality of the humic matters. This study is based on the examination of different quality soil and compost samples which were extracted from different Hungarian sites like Trizs, Szárítópuszta and Csobánc. Additionally, not only the soils and composts were analyzed but also any soil conditioners (biochar, bone charcoal) which were applied and affected their properties. The main goal of the research was to measure the soil and compost samples with the E4/E6 and the Hargitai-method and with also using Zetasizer Nano ZS device that could lead to more detailed results about the weight and the size of the humic molecules. Based on the summarized analytic results the outcomes of the E4/E6 procedure is applicable for drawing relevant conclusion regarding the humic quality of the given sample. On the contrary, the applied Hargitai-method has not proved to be effective. Although the measurement of the molecule’s size and weight with the Zetasizer Nano ZS device has brought out exciting results and displayed similarities with the E4/E6 outcomes, only it’s tendencies proved to be informative because of its methodological background.