Penerapan Finite State Automata Pada Vending Machine Parfum Laundry Pakaian

Abstrak: Parfum banyak digemari oleh berbagai kalangan, salah satunya adalah parfum laundry. Parfum laundry memiliki berbagai macam varian aroma, meliputi aroma buah, aroma bunga, aroma perpaduan buah dan bunga, dan aroma kayu-kayuan. Parfum laundry ini merupakan rangkaian akhir dalam proses laundry. Saat ini pelanggan menerima hasil laundry dengan aroma parfum yang dipilih secara random sesuai ketersediaan pihak laundry, hal ini menjadi masalah karena pelanggan tidak dapat memilih aroma parfum laundry sesuai dengan keinginan mereka. Dengan alasan tersebut maka diperlukan suatu rancangan sebuah Vending Machine (VM), rancangan VM ini menggunakan metode Finite State Automata (FSA) dengan jenis Non-Deterministic Finite Automata (NFA), metode tersebut digunakan karena dapat mengakomodir lebih dari satu kondisi dalam satu pilihan. Metode FSA jenis NFA dibuat dengan tahapan analisa proses bisnis, diagram state, desain VM dan pengujian. Hasil dari penelitian ini dengan adanya VM pemilihan parfum laundry pakaian, maka mempermudah pelanggan untuk dapat memilih parfum laundry sehingga pelanggan memperoleh hasil laundry dengan aroma parfum sesuai pilihan mereka. Kata kunci: finite state automata, parfum laundry, vending machine Abstract: Perfume is much favored by various circles, one of which is laundry perfume. Laundry perfume has a wide range of scent variants, including fruity scents, floral scents, fruity floral scents, and woody scents. This laundry perfume is the final line in the laundry process. Currently customers receive laundry results with perfume scents selected randomly according to the availability of the laundry party, this is a problem because customers cannot choose laundry perfume scents according to their wishes. For this reason, it is necessary to design a Vending Machine (VM), this VM design uses the Finite State Automata (FSA) method with the Non-Deterministic Finite Automata (NFA) type, this method is used because it can accommodate more than one condition in one choice. The FSA type of NFA method is made with the stages of business process analysis, state diagrams, VM design and testing. The results of this study with the VM in the selection of clothes laundry perfume, it makes it easier for customers to be able to choose laundry perfumes so that customers get laundry results with the perfume scent of their choice. Keywords: finite state automata, laundry perfume, vending machine

Analyzing the Thermodynamic Efficiency of Cooling Cycles Depending on the Determinant Thermal and Physical Properties of Operating Media

The goal of this research was to develop the methods used for the analysis of the thermodynamic efficiency of the ordinary single-stage and regenerative cooling cycles depending on the determinant thermal-&-physical properties of cooling agents. The thermodynamic efficiency of the steam –compressive single-stage ordinary and regenerative cycles of cooling machines operating on different cooling agents has been investigated. The dependence was established between the effectiveness value of the use of the regeneration for the cooling cycle and the modified Clausius criterion of the cooling agent. Generalized regressive dependences were obtained for the evaluation of the efficiency of the ordinary and regenerative cycles based on the determinant modified Clausius criterion and these give us an opportunity to establish the fields for the preferential use of the promising cooling agents for regenerative cycles and establish requirements to the properties of cooling agents during their choice. These contribute to the selection of the rational flowchart for the specified thermal and physical characteristics of the cooling agent and for the thermal behavior of the unit operation and form appropriate rational geometric characteristics for the heat exchangers and interconnecting piping. The suggested methods enable the determination of the expected characteristics of the unit and the boundary attainable values of its efficiency in the conditions of the limited information on the thermal-&-physical properties of new (by-way) cooling agents without waiting for the appearance of accurate state diagrams. Analytical equations used for the estimation of the cooling factor depending on the modified Clausius criterion allow us to perform the front-end project computations making use of only absolute values of evaporation and condensation temperatures. The effect of the steam depression, the dryness value and the efficiency factor of the regenerative heat exchanger on the cooling factor of the cycle has been studied. A practical value of the obtained data consists in the opportunity of the objective and operative estimation of the efficiency of the use of the cooling agent for the regenerative and steam compressing cycles of the cooling machine using no multiparameter optimization procedure.

Processing of polymetallic concentrate from waste recycling plants by distillation in vacuum

The sequence of operations for the processing of secondary raw materials has been proposed based on the analysis of the physicochemical properties of the main metals: copper, zinc, lead and tin contained in the metal concentrate from waste processing, including the developing complete state diagrams of binary systems of copper with lead and zinc, including the melt-vapor phase transition in vacuum. The proposed technology includes preliminary smelting of the concentrate into roughing brass for composition averaging and subsequent distillative extraction of lead and zinc each into roughing metals at a temperature of more than 1000°C with a decrease in pressure from atmospheric to 30 Pa. Copper-base still bottoms can be processed in copper production. Technological studies have confirmed the fundamental possibility of such technological scheme.

Thermoplastic Analysis of Cluster Crystallization of Cryoprotective Solutions

For the first time the possibility of using thermomechanical analysis to construct the fragments of state diagrams of cryoprotective solutions in the zone of glass transition temperatures has been considered. A method for studying cluster crystallization of cryoprotective solutions based on thermomechanical curves has been developed. The parameters of thermomechanical curves of frozen aqueous solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), polyethylene oxide 1500 (PEO-1500), glycerol were analyzed and the relationship between these parameters and the cluster crystallization kinetics for these solutions was established. On the basis of experimentally obtained thermomechanical curves for the frozen solutions of DMSO and PEO-1500 the possibility of formation of clusters of two types has been shown: on the basis of ice and cryoprotective substance microcrystals. Additional experimental data were obtained to construct a complete state diagrams of cryoprotective solutions, which include the existing cluster phase areas.

Phase Equilibrium and Interdiffusion in Blends of Polystyrene with Polyacrylates

The solubility and interdiffusion of polystyrene (PS) with polymethyl acrylate (PMA), polyethyl acrylate (PEA), polybutyl acrylate (PBA), and polyethylhexyl acrylate (PEHA) have been studied by the optical interferometry method. Phase state diagrams are plotted. It is shown that they are characterized by the upper critical solution temperatures (UCST), which are localized in the temperature range above 450 K. Pair interaction parameters and their temperature dependences are determined and analyzed. Extrapolation of the temperature dependence of the interaction parameter was used to construct the dome of binodal curves and determine the spinodal curves in the framework of the Flory–Huggins theory. The diffusion coefficients of polystyrene into polyacrylates and polyacrylates into polystyrene are calculated. The dependences of the interdiffusion coefficients on the concentration, temperature, polystyrene molecular weight, and the number of carbons in the side chain of polyacrylate are analyzed. The numerical values of the interdiffusion coefficients of PS-1 into polyacrylates at 433 K change as −8.5 → −6.7 → −6.4 in the homologous series PMA → PEA → PBA. The coefficients of friction are calculated and the effect of change in the matrix structure on the diffusion of polystyrene in them is estimated.

Swirling Flows Characteristics in a Cylinder Under Effect of Buoyancy

Thermal buoyancy, induced by injection or by differential heating of a tiny rod is explored to control breakdown in the core of a helical flow driven by the lid rotation of a cylinder. Three main parameters are required to characterize numerically the flow behavior; namely, the rotational Reynolds number Re, the cavity aspect ratio and the Richardson number Ri. Warm injection/rod, Ri > 0, is shown to prevent on-axis flow stagnation while breakdown enhancement is evidenced when Ri < 0. Results revealed that a bubble vortex evolves into a ring type structure which may remain robust, as observed in prior related experiments or, in contrast, disappear over a given range of parameters (Λh, Re, Ri > 0). Besides, the emergence of such a toroidal mode was not found to occur under thermal stratification induced by a differentially heated rod. Moreover, three state diagrams were established which provide detailed flow characteristics under the distinct and combined effects of buoyancy strength, viscous effects and cavity aspect ratio.

Phase equilibria in the CeO2–La2O3–Ln2O3 system at 1250 and 1500 °С

Materials based on cerium oxide, stabilized by oxides of rare earth elements, are promising for use in medicine, energy and mechanical engineering due to the uniqueness of their properties. State diagrams of CeO2–La2O3–Ln2O3 systems are the physicochemical basis for the creation of solid electrolytes for fuel cells, oxygen gas sensors, catalyst carriers, protective coatings on alloys, etc. Phase equilibria and structural transformations in CeO2–La2O3–Gd2O3 systems at temperatures 1250 and 1500 °С and in the binary system La2O3–Gd2O3 at temperatures 1100, 1500 and 1600 ° С in the whole range of concentrations were investigated using X-ray phase and microstructural analyzes. It was found that solid solutions based on cubic (F) modification with CeO2 fluorite type, monoclinic (B) and cubic (C) modifications of Gd2O3 and hexagonal (A) modification of La2O3 are formed in the ternary system CeO2–La2O3–Gd2O3. The boundaries of the phase fields and the periods of the crystal lattices of the formed phases are determined. It is established that in the CeO2–La2O3 –Gd2O3 system at 1250 and 1500 °С the phases of cubic symmetry are in equilibrium: on the basis of F–CeО2 with the spatial group Fm3m and C-phase on the basis of Gd2O3 with the spatial group Ia3. As the temperature decreases, there is a narrowing of all areas of homogeneity.

Importance of Viscosity Contrast for the Motion of Erythrocytes in Microcapillaries

The dynamics and deformation of red blood cells (RBCs) in microcirculation affect the flow resistance and transport properties of whole blood. One of the key properties that can alter RBC dynamics in flow is the contrast λ (or ratio) of viscosities between RBC cytosol and blood plasma. Here, we study the dependence of RBC shape and dynamics on the viscosity contrast in tube flow, using mesoscopic hydrodynamics simulations. State diagrams of different RBC dynamical states, including tumbling cells, parachutes, and tank-treading slippers, are constructed for various viscosity contrasts and wide ranges of flow rates and tube diameters (or RBC confinements). Despite similarities in the classification of RBC behavior for different viscosity contrasts, there are notable differences in the corresponding state diagrams. In particular, the region of parachutes is significantly larger for λ = 1 in comparison to λ = 5. Furthermore, the viscosity contrast strongly affects the tumbling-to-slipper transition, thus modifying the regions of occurrence of these states as a function of flow rate and RBC confinement. Also, an increase in cytosol viscosity leads to a reduction in membrane tension induced by flow stresses. Physical mechanisms that determine these differences in RBC dynamical states as a function of λ are discussed.

A Smart Contract-Based P2P Energy Trading System with Dynamic Pricing on Ethereum Blockchain

We implement a peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading system between prosumers and consumers using a smart contract on Ethereum blockchain. The smart contract resides on a blockchain shared by participants and hence guarantees exact execution of trade and keeps immutable transaction records. It removes high cost and overheads needed against hacking or tampering in traditional server-based P2P energy trade systems. The salient features of our implementation include: 1. Dynamic pricing for automatic balancing of total supply and total demand within a microgrid, 2. prevention of double sale, 3. automatic and autonomous operation, 4. experiment on a testbed (Node.js and web3.js API to access Ethereum Virtual Machine on Raspberry Pis with MATLAB interface), and 5. simulation via personas (virtual consumers and prosumers generated from benchmark). Detailed description of our implementation is provided along with state diagrams and core procedures.

Phase Equilibria and Interdiffusion in Bimodal High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Based Compositions

The compositions based on bimodal high-density polyethylene (HDPE, copolymer of ethylene with hexene-1) and in mixture with monomodal tercopolymer of ethylene with butene-1/hexene-1 (LLDPE, low-density polyethylene) have been studied. Phase equilibrium, thermodynamic parameters of interdiffusion in a wide range of temperatures and ratios of co-components were identified by refractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, optical laser interferometry, X-ray phase analysis. The phase state diagrams of the HDPE—LLDPE systems were constructed. It has been established that they belong to the class of state diagrams of “solid crystal solutions with unrestricted mixing of components”. The paired parameters of the components interaction and their temperature dependences were calculated. Thermodynamic compatibility of α-olefins in the region of melts and crystallization of one of the components has been shown. The kinetics of formation of interphase boundaries during crystallization of α-olefins has been analyzed. The morphology of crystallized gradient diffusion zones has been analyzed by optical polarization microscopy. The sizes of spherulites in different areas of concentration profiles and values of interdiffusion coefficients were determined.