Social Influence on Fad Diet Use: A Systematic Literature Review

Background: A fad diet is a broad term used to describe dieting methods that recommend altering the intake of macronutrients to specific proportions or instruct people to intake or avoid particular foods, often with the goal of rapid weight loss. Previous literature reviews report social influence impacts general diet behaviour, but have yet to examine fad diets, specifically. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize literature related to social influence on an individual's fad diet use and understand the sociocultural factors related to diet use. Methods: Using PRISMA guidelines, Medline, PsycInfo, Embase, CINAHL, and CENTRAL databases were searched to identify articles investigating the impact of social on fad diet use. Covidence was used to manage the review process and Garrard's Matrix Method was used to extract data from reviewed articles (n = 13). Results: A majority of reviewed studies examined interpersonal influence (62%) and reported social influence impacting a variety of fad diet behaviours (92%). Interpersonal and media influence were highlighted as motivating factors for adopting unhealthy dieting methods (54%), and studies showed interpersonal support impacted adoption and maintenance of fad diet use (23%). Also, social norms were reported to influence unhealthy weight control behaviours (15%). Discussion: This review revealed social influence is associated with the adoption, adherence, and termination of fad diets. The prevalence of fad diets in society and the lack of research on this topic warrants further examination of factors related to fad diets use and the spread among interpersonal networks.

Encapsulation of Flavonoids in Nanocarriers

The term “flavonoid” is a broad term given to the collection of natural polyphenolic compounds which occur in plants (fruits, vegetables, roots, flowers, stems, bark, leaves) as their secondary metabolites. Subsequent research reveals that flavonoids possess anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-oxidative, anti-ageing, and anti-carcinogenic effects along with their capacity to modulate enzymatic activities, inhibit cell proliferation, and inhibit bacterial growth, among others. The main shortcomings of oral administration of flavonoids as therapeutic that various studies have revealed are related to their stability, bioefficacy, and bioavailability. Novel nanotechnological strategies involving nanocarrier systems are proving promising to overcome the delivery challenge of flavonoids as therapeutics. Nanocapsules, nanospheres, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, micelles are examples of novel nanocarrier systems that are currently being explored for targeted and efficient bio functioning of flavonoids after their oral administration.

Characterization of Definitive Regulatory B Cell Subsets by Cell Surface Phenotype, Function and Context

Regulatory B cell or “Breg” is a broad term that represents the anti-inflammatory activity of B cells, but does not describe their individual phenotypes, specific mechanisms of regulation or relevant disease contexts. Thus, given the variety of B cell regulatory mechanisms reported in human disease and their animal models, a more thorough and comprehensive identification strategy is needed for tracking and comparing B cell subsets between research groups and in clinical settings. This review summarizes the discovery process and mechanism of action for well-defined regulatory B cell subsets with an emphasis on the mouse model of multiple sclerosis experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We discuss the importance of conducting thorough B cell phenotyping along with mechanistic studies prior to defining a particular subset of B cells as Breg. Since virtually all B cell subsets can exert regulatory activity, it is timely for their definitive identification across studies.

Variation in Skin Cancer Pattern in the Southwestern Region of Pakistan

Background: Skin cancer is a broad term that refers to a variety of different types of cancer. It is usually recognized as non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer. In many parts of the world, the prevalence is high, with significant ecological and ethical variation. Objectives: Objective was to determine demographic and histological features of skin cancer in Southwest region of Pakistan. Methodology: This retrospective study was carried out on skin cancer 1169 cases of Centre for Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy (CENAR) in Quetta. The data from January 2000 to December 2009 (10Years) was retrieved from record. The aim was to determine the importance of skin cancer in this area, its gender wise distribution and its pathological types. Results: Record of total 9308 cancer patients was retrieved from patients presenting to CENAR Quetta. From 9308 case, 1169(12.5%) patients were of skin cancer which was second most prevalent category of cancer in this area. Prevalence was higher in males with 713(61%) cases as compared to females. Pathologically with 634(54%) cases, the most prevalent category was Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Conclusion: Skin cancer is wide-spread type of cancer in patients of south-west region of Pakistan. The findings of this study are not aligned with published data. The difference is because of high altitude of the study area, dry climate and long skin exposure particularly in low socio-economic field workers. Keywords: Skin cancer, gender, Melanoma skin cancer (MSC), Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), Basal cell carcinoma (BCC),

Problem of Competence Approach Realization during the Process of Students’ Language Training at Secondary Schools

In the article the author investigates the problems of forming of communicative competence in secondary schools. The concept of communicative approach is analyzed in the scientific literature, defined the importance of communicative competence of pupils of secondary schools, focuses on issues of competence of language education, including pupils’ poor motivation training . The author analyzes the process of formation of communicative competence in the context of the current Ukrainian language policy, focuses on the communicative approach as one of the priority and emphasizes the importance of the relationship between school language education and real needs of our society. The author notes that modern communicative focus of the educational process in educational institutions will create opportunities to realize value, development and educational aspects of the Ukrainian language as a school subject. In modern teaching methodology the implementation of communicative approach ensures the creation of a special space for child’s training; in which any pupil choose his own way of activity. Linguistic competence is a broad term which includes linguistic or grammatical competence, sociolinguistic or socio-cultural competence. Linguistic and communicative competence must combine to produce, general, overall, language proficiency which can be referred to as integration Although language competence does not determine the success of communication, but creates the conditions for participation in the communication process, which affect both extralinguistic (psychological, social, national, history, age, etc.) and intralinguistic (complexity of the language system) factors.

Missing the Bull’s Eye: A Case Report of Tibialis Anterior Hernia

Objectives: Shin pain is a broad term used to describe lower leg pain. It is commonly seen in the athletic/sports population. Various conditions have been claimed to produce leg pain, and muscle herniation is one of these conditions. Muscle herniation is the protrusion of muscle through a defect in the overlying fascia. Although such herniation is common, it is often an underdiagnosed condition in the lower extremity. It usually occurs in athletes, especially in the anterior compartment of the leg, as a result of trauma or due to muscle hypertrophy secondary to strenuous exercise. Herniation diagnosis depends on its clinical presentation as it appears as a palpable soft tissue bulge through a fascia defect; radiological findings are used to confirm the diagnosis. Conservative treatment should be the initial approach, and surgery can be performed if conservative treatment fails. Methods: We present a case of symptomatic anterior lower leg pain, initially diagnosed as a psychosomatic disorder by two orthopedic physicians. However, tibialis anterior hernia in this patient was confirmed after physical examination by a physiotherapist and subsequent referral for ultrasonographic evaluation to a radiologist. The patient underwent an 8-week course of conservative treatment under the supervision of a physiotherapist. This treatment significantly improved the patient’s pain and function. Results: After eight weeks of conservative treatment using Minhaj protocol for Tibialis Anterior hernia, the patient has reported improvement in pain (reduction of score from eight to two on the NPRS scale) and function. The patient returned to his previous level of physical activity following eight weeks of rehabilitation. Discussion: Tibialis anterior hernia should be considered a differential diagnosis in chronic leg pain with palpable soft tissue protrusion. Conservative treatment can be chosen as the primary approach.

Metaverse : The Next Big Technology

In this study, we are discussing about the Metaverse. It is the latest and hot buzzword to capture the tech industry’s imagination. Metaverse is a broad term. It is generally 'refers' to shared 3D virtural word environment which people can access via internet. Metaverse is where the real world meets the virtual world. It focuses will be to bring the Metaverse to life and help people connect, find communication and grow businesses. According to CEO Mark Zukerberg : The Metaverse, which he sees as the next generation of the internet, as a virtual environment that will allow people to be present with each other in digital spaces. It brings together their apps/technologies under new company brand. Faacebook’s, I mean, Meta’s, recent rebrand and investments triggered a new wage of interest in the metaverse. It’s all over headlines, corporate news, memes, gaming platforms, and social media. The word’s increased ubiquity is creating an impending sense of doom, as if, at any moment, our physical lives will be engulfed in corporate pixels and paywalled interactions.

Pathology of Gliomas and the Role Immunotherapy Plays in Combatting Glioma Proliferation

Glioma, a type of tumor arising from the brain and/or spinal cord, is a relatively broad term, encompassing three main types of glial cell tumors: astrocytoma, ependymoma, and oligodendroglioma. A prognosis for a glioma can often be extremely poor, with an overall survival rate of 54.84%. With around 20,000 gliomas being diagnosed each year, it is imperative that effective treatments are developed for management of these tumors. A popular treatment pathway for the treatment of gliomas is surgery along with chemo-radiation therapy such as Temozolomide. This current treatment plan, though, has a moderate effect on lengthening glioma patients’ prognoses. The average survival of this plan is 3 to 6 months. New treatments in the field of immunotherapies may have promising effects for glioma patients’ prognoses. Arising developments in immunotherapy glioma treatment and management is an important field to investigate to further improve the effectivity of cancer treatment for glioma patients. Certain immunotherapies in trials have proven to make impactful improvements to glioma prognoses, one trial showing an increase of 2 months in median survival. This literature review will focus on the pathology and characteristics of the proliferation of malignant glioma cells and the role immunotherapy plays in combatting glioma proliferation

Impact of Pre-Operative Coping Strategies and Exercises on Post-Operative Recovery and Quality of Life of Patients with Cancer having Depression

Background: Cancer is a broad term that refers to a variety of diseases that can occur in any part of the body. Depressed symptoms are more common in cancer patients than in the general population, and depression is linked to a worse prognosis. The patient has anxiety, depression and other mental health disturbances when diagnosed with the fatal disease. The research scales in this paper focus on how to improve the quality of life and manage mental health problems like depression a patient goes through by pre-operative coping strategies for depression and finding out post-operative impact of it is explored. Aims & Objectives: to study effect of pre-operative coping strategies and exercises on post-operative improvement in patient’s mental stability and overall health. Methods: The participants (n=20) will be recruited in the study suffering from cancer and meeting the inclusion criteria. Assessment will be done using various scales and treatment in the form of coping strategies will be implemented pre operatively and evaluated post-operatively. The protocol will cover 6 weeks of treatment. In the rehabilitation period, we will evaluate the stress and depression levels affecting the QoL of cancer patients. Result: Expected result includes the coping strategies and exercises given pre operatively improves the post-operative recovery and quality of life of cancer patients having depression Conclusion: We can conclude that this method will help to improve quality of life and lower the effects of depression and betters the treatment results.

LITERARY REVIEW OF JANAPADODHWANSA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO COVID – 19

Ayurveda is an ancient system of medicine, clearly mentioned epidemic under a broad term 'Janapadodhwansa'. According to Ayurveda there are two types of Vyadhis based on causative factors which are stated in Charaka Samhita vimansthan chapter 3. Acharya Sushruta called it as Maraka and Acharya Bhela called it as Janamaar. There are four factors that has been described which are getting vitiated in Janopadodhwamsa.These are Vayu (air),Jala (water),Desha (land) and Kaala (season). Among these four factors Kaala is mainly main factor. Many of today's medical sciences coincide with some of the basic principles of Ayurveda.Today whole world is suffering from the COVID-19 pandemic.To assess the concepts of epidemiology in Ayurveda and to compare the same with recent COVID-19 pandemic, literary study of the epidemic was done thoroughly, including classical treatises like Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita & modern textbooks of epidemiology. Most of the concepts of Ayurveda about Janopadodhwamsa are found relevant to current theories of pandemic/epidemic. When COVID-19 pandemic compares with Janopadodhwamsa, it shows similarity in concepts like causative factors,modes of transmission,methods of prevention of outbreaks etc.Also,control measures of COVID-19 can be compared with Hetu-viparit & Vyadhi-viparitchikitsa. The concepts described in Ayurveda regarding Janapadodhwansa are more or like the present modern concept of the pandemic or epidemic.Thus, the ancient Indian medicinal systems were well known to the fact of the epidemics & outbreaks of infectious diseases