Mangrove’s Plant: An updated Review on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Barringtonia racemosa

The conventional usages and traditions of people in Barringtonia racemosa (L.) (B. racemosa) mangrove plant species in their day-to-day life and therapeutic techniques. B. racemosa (L.) belongs to family Barringtoniaceae, with single-seeded, oval-shaped fruit and a tall tree dispersed in India's east and west coasts. B. racemosa (L.), titled as putat, a fish poison tree or powder puff tree, is a precious plant species due to its medicinal values. Its fruit pulp is used in fish poison and diarrhea, asthma, coughs, analgesic and antipyretic, and has significant antitumor activity. Flavonoids and phenolic acids are the primary metabolites of the leaves and are used to reduce hypertension and purgative. In addition, the pulverized leafage, barks, and roots are used to lessen the inflammation and chickenpox. Among the phenolic compounds specified in the leaves of B. racemosa (L.) include ferulic acid, naringin, gallic acid, rutin, luteolin, protocatechuic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, and ellagic acid. Conventional remedial practices have the whole plant as a therapy for itch; the antimalarial activity is reported in roots. The bark or leaf are used in abscesses, sores, serpent bites, rat poisonings, gastric ulcers, hypertension, chickenpox. In contrast, the kernels or seeds are sourced for carcinogenic disorders and eye inflammation. The current review emphasized the ethnobotanical, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of B. racemosa (L.) proved through various scientific facts.

Degradative Studies in the Picrotoxinin Series

<p>PICROTOXIN is a bitter principle of the berries of the species Mensiperum coculus and Anamirata coculus, creepers which are indigenous to the East Indies. It was first isolated in 1812, and subsequent elementary analysis showed that it contained only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Because of its potent poisonous nature and its physiological action, together with its high oxygen content, picrotoxin has often been referred to as an “oxygen alkaloid”. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a powerful convulsant drug. It is used in medicine as an antidote to barbiturate poisoning, being still preferred for this purpose over many other drugs. It has also been used in cases of alcoholic intoxication, and as a fish poison.</p>

Degradative Studies in the Picrotoxinin Series

<p>PICROTOXIN is a bitter principle of the berries of the species Mensiperum coculus and Anamirata coculus, creepers which are indigenous to the East Indies. It was first isolated in 1812, and subsequent elementary analysis showed that it contained only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Because of its potent poisonous nature and its physiological action, together with its high oxygen content, picrotoxin has often been referred to as an “oxygen alkaloid”. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a powerful convulsant drug. It is used in medicine as an antidote to barbiturate poisoning, being still preferred for this purpose over many other drugs. It has also been used in cases of alcoholic intoxication, and as a fish poison.</p>

Case of diplegiae facialis peripbericae after poisoning fish poison

In the clinical picture of poisoning with fish poison, the appearance of symptoms from the nervous system is preceded by general symptoms of poisoning: a feeling of illness, weakness, headache, repeated vomiting, diarrhea, pain in the joints, occurring 12-24 hours after eating toxic substances.

Traditional Criminal Law Existence in the Settlement of Criminal Action in the Environmental Field in Indonesia

Many cases of environmental pollution and illegal logging have caused alarming damage to the environment. In the Law regarding Environmental Protection and Management, tools to protect the environment have been regulated. One of which is the application of criminal sanctions, but in Indonesia, some laws live in society, one of which is customary criminal law which can also solve criminal acts in the environmental sector. This research aims to analyze the existence of customary criminal law in the settlement of crimes in the environmental sector. This research is legal research with normative juridical research. The results of this study will be presented in descriptive form. The results showed that Hulsman said the criminal justice system had caused suffering because it could not work according to its objectives and did not carry out the principle of accountability. This judicial system had innate defects. In settlement of criminal acts in the environmental sector, examples of customary criminal law are the settlement of fish poisoning cases committed by some Paya Village Village residents. They use fish poison from plants (tuba), Lannet in the form of flour, Bistox in liquid, and Decis, which is liquid.

Derris elliptica (tuba root).

Derris elliptica is a large and fast-growing climber that is cultivated primarily across tropical regions of the world for its roots, which are used as fish poison and as the source of the natural insecticide rotenone. This species is adapted to a wide range of climates and soil types and spreads sexually by seed and vegetatively by stem fragments. It has successfully escaped from cultivation to become naturalized principally in disturbed areas and secondary forests. D. elliptica often behaves as an aggressive weed and, once established, climbs over other trees and shrubs forming a dense canopy that smothers vegetation, fences, forests, pastures, plantations and cultivated land. D. elliptica is now listed as invasive in Fiji, French Polynesia, Hawaii, Palau, Japan and Cuba.

Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Effects of Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. : A Review

Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. is one of the wild plants found in farmland of Southeast Asia. The root of the tuba plant was traditionally used as the fish poison and crop pest insecticide. It has many kinds of toxic chemical compounds as rotenone, toxicarol, elliptone, sumatrol, tephrosin, and deguelin. Recently, root extract has developed in various bioactive compounds exploration not only for the agricultural field but also public health intervention, especially in Dengue control programs. Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. root extract have larvacidal potential to control the temephos-resistant Aedes aegypti larvae.

Indigenous Traditional Knowledge in West Jaintia Hills District, Meghalaya

Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) is local application methods practiced in different sectors especially in fisheries by local population from time immemorial with some changes from time to time. Many of the ITKs are based on scientific values but they are not well documented. The present study aimed to evaluate the Indigenous Traditional Knowledge practiced in West Jaintia Hills District of Meghalaya. The ITKs identified are divided in three different groups. They are ITK in value added product, ITKs used as fish baits and fish poison and ITKs used as gear for catching fishes from natural water bodies. Keywords: ITK, Jaintia Hills District, Fish poison, Gear, Value added product.

Indigenous Traditional Knowledge in West Jaintia Hills District, Meghalaya

Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) is local application methods practiced in different sectors especially in fisheries by local population from time immemorial with some changes from time to time. Many of the ITKs are based on scientific values but they are not well documented. The present study aimed to evaluate the Indigenous Traditional Knowledge practiced in West Jaintia Hills District of Meghalaya. The ITKs identified are divided in three different groups. They are ITK in value added product, ITKs used as fish baits and fish poison and ITKs used as gear for catching fishes from natural water bodies.