A Two-Stage Industrial Defect Detection Framework Based on Improved-YOLOv5 and Optimized-Inception-ResnetV2 Models

Aiming to address the currently low accuracy of domestic industrial defect detection, this paper proposes a Two-Stage Industrial Defect Detection Framework based on Improved-YOLOv5 and Optimized-Inception-ResnetV2, which completes positioning and classification tasks through two specific models. In order to make the first-stage recognition more effective at locating insignificant small defects with high similarity on the steel surface, we improve YOLOv5 from the backbone network, the feature scales of the feature fusion layer, and the multiscale detection layer. In order to enable second-stage recognition to better extract defect features and achieve accurate classification, we embed the convolutional block attention module (CBAM) attention mechanism module into the Inception-ResnetV2 model, then optimize the network architecture and loss function of the accurate model. Based on the Pascal Visual Object Classes 2007 (VOC2007) dataset, the public dataset NEU-DET, and the optimized dataset Enriched-NEU-DET, we conducted multiple sets of comparative experiments on the Improved-YOLOv5 and Inception-ResnetV2. The testing results show that the improvement is obvious. In order to verify the superiority and adaptability of the two-stage framework, we first test based on the Enriched-NEU-DET dataset, and further use AUBO-i5 robot, Intel RealSense D435 camera, and other industrial steel equipment to build actual industrial scenes. In experiments, a two-stage framework achieves the best performance of 83.3% mean average precision (mAP), evaluated on the Enriched-NEU-DET dataset, and 91.0% on our built industrial defect environment.

Influence of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Toughness Properties of 13MnNiMoR High Strength Low Alloy Steel Weld Joint

Weld and base metals require hot or cold working during the steel equipment manufacturing process. As a result, the components should be subjected to a normalizing heat treatment in order to recover their mechanical properties. In this study, the submerged-arc welding of the high strength low alloy (HSLA) thick steel plate(13MnNiMoR) is adapted for the vessel head under the normalizing and tempering heat treatment. The findings showed that the material toughness decreases after heating to simulate a vessel head forming process. The stamping process is carried out under the conditions of 980 °C for one hour, normalizing at 920 °C for 1 h and tempering between 600–660 °C for 2 h, respectively. The martensite-austenite (M-A) constituent is distributed in granular bainite and the boundary of austenite in island constituent. Therefore, it was deemed to be the most detrimental to Charpy-V impact toughness. Between normalizing and tempering, intercritical normalizing at 740 °C was added. As a result of the ferrite with fine particles M-A constituent, the toughness increases significantly.

Study of hydrogenation and corrosion of steel equipment and pipelines at the production facilities of H2S -containing hydrocarbon raw materials

The impact of hydrogen sulfide raw materials on steel equipment and pipelines is associated not only with corrosion processes, but also with the hydrogenation of used carbon and low-alloy steels. This can lead to the loss of their strength properties and the subsequent destruction of equipment operated under conditions of increased operating pressures. Such corrosive-mechanical effects associated with the penetration of hydrogen into steel are the most dangerous from the point of view of the safety and reliability of the operation of facilities for the production of hydrocarbon fluids. The effect of H2S on the main types of structural steels was investigated according to the results of autoclave tests. The formation of blistering (blistering) and cracks on the surface of steels due to the effect of hydrogen on the steel was recorded. A study of the phase composition of corrosion products and their possible effect on the processes of corrosion and hydrogenation of steel has been carried out.

Investigation and analysis of kinetic regularities of wear of internal surfaces of equipment under conditions of intense corrosion using different working media

The reasons for failures of technological equipment made of structural steels during long-term operation in various environments and fields of application are considered. Investigations of the intensity of wear of equipment failures through the rate of damaging processes are presented. Modeling the processes of wear and tear of steel equipment, its failures was carried out using regression and correlation analyzes. The results of diagnostics are presented in accordance with the theoretical principles of statistical analysis, experiment in the form of polynomial kinetic wear models. The results of comparison of experimental and theoretical data on the wear rate for various types of equipment are also presented. The results of the normal distribution of the experimental values of the degree of wear for various types of equipment are shown, which is confirmed by the general uniform corrosion.

The series of measures for improvement of safety in oil and gas facilities producing, processing and transporting materials containing hydrogen sulfide Part 1. Corrosion-mechanical attack of hydrogen sulfide-containing media on steel equipment. The choice of construction steels and noncorrosive alloys for the oil and gas equipment

The necessity of the complex approach is defined for increase of reliability of the oil and gas equipment operated under pressure of hydrogen sulfide-containing medium, including: - control at the stages of design, manufacturing, commissioning, operation, repair and reconstruction; - organization of corrosion service; - rational choice of materials for equipment manufacturing and its repair; - use of different methods to protect equipment against corrosion: - diagnostics of equipment and evaluation of corrosion protection efficiency; - conducting corrosion tests of materials and corrosion control. The trend of increasing corrosive activity of the products of a number of hydrogen sulfide-bearing oil and gas fields is described. This is associated with their watering and contamination by sulfate-reducing bacteria. All types of corrosion-mechanical damage of steels in accordance with GOST R 53679-2009 (ISO 15156-1:2001) are considered. Comments are given on each of these types of damage and the types of steels that are prone to these defects are shown. The recommendations of GOST R 53679-2009 (ISO 15156-1:2001) are given for the selection of steel equipment operated under pressure of hydrogen sulfide-containing media depending on the type of their corrosionmechanical failure, with comments. Requirements for the use of steels modified with rare-earth metals (REM) and alkaline-earth elements (ALE) intended for operation in hydrogen sulfide-containing media are given.

Phosphate Coatings Suitable for Personal Protective Equipment

Phosphate coatings can improve the corrosion resistance of carbon steel equipment such as carabiners. The specific porosity of the phosphate layer allows the deposition of an elastomer-based paint for absorbing mechanical shocks. The book is relevant for fundamental and applied research in the field of protective phosphate layers and their industrial applications. It also describes how to design and develop phosphating solutions that differ in the type and concentration of metal ions dissolved in phosphoric acid.

Removal of Enantiomeric Ibuprofen in a Nanofiltration Membrane Process

A study of the behavior of R- and S-enantiomers of ibuprofen (R-IBU and S-IBU) in aqueous solution by nanofiltration (NF) membranes revealed that up to 23% of the pharmaceutical was adsorbed onto the stainless steel equipment of a flat-sheet experimental unit. Mass balances disclosed that IBU’s S-enantiomer was primarily responsible for the adsorption onto the equipment. Additional IBU adsorption was also experienced on the NF membrane coupons, verified by increased contact angle measurements on the surfaces. The IBU-equipment adsorptive relationship with and without the membrane coupon were best described by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, respectively. At a feed water pH of 4.0 units and racemic µg/L IBU concentrations, NF removal ranged from 34.5% to 49.5%. The rejection of S-IBU was consistently greater than the R-enantiomer. Adsorption onto the surfaces influenced NF rejection by 18.9% to 27.3%. The removal of IBU displayed a direct relationship with an increase in feed water pH. Conversely, the adsorption of IBU exhibited an indirect relationship with an increase in feed water pH.

Influence of the Plough with Tekrone Mouldboards and Landsides on Ploughing Parameters

This paper is dedicated to Tekrone composite material utilization in agricultural machinery. In terms of its technical properties, tekrone is very similar to steel 60 that is used for production of plough mouldboards and landsides. However, Tekrone shows more preferable characteristics, because its friction coefficient (kf) is 2.6 times lower in contrast to steel 60. This fact indicates that the draft resistance can be decreased by replacing the plough mouldboards and landsides made of steel 60 with their counterparts made of Tekrone. This science hypothesis was confirmed by experimental investigation results. Analyses showed that utilization of plough with Tekrone mouldboards and landsides instead of steel ones significantly reduces their sticking to the wet soil. This results in a “soil moves over plough mouldboard surface” process instead of a “soil moves over soil” process. The plough draft resistance was decreased by 13.6% after replacement of the steel equipment with Tekrone one. Simultaneously, the performance of new tractor-plough aggregate was increased by 12.6%, the specific fuel consumption was reduced by 11.8%, and the preserving probability of the agrotechnological ploughing depth tolerance (±2 cm) was increased from 88% to 93%.

Collaboration solves long standing corrosion problem

External pitting corrosion has been a long standing issue for stainless steel pressure equipment systems on Woodside offshore facilities. Experience has shown that this pitting cannot be effectively managed by inspection and, as a result, the current policy is that piping replacement should be planned once the presence of significant pitting corrosion has been identified. All Woodside offshore facilities have 316-grade stainless steel pressure equipment which is experiencing active external corrosion pitting to varying degrees. This represents the potential for hundreds of millions of dollars in piping replacement across the company. STOPAQ is an established product for the mitigation of external corrosion in carbon steel equipment however, it has not previously been used at Woodside on stainless steel equipment to address pitting corrosion. Through collaboration with the Woodside Future Laboratory at Monash University, Materials and Corrosion Engineering, Woodside Energy Limited has challenged the old established theory regarding the mechanism of pitting in stainless steel and a test program has been devised to validate the new way of thinking, which postulates that elimination of moisture and oxygen from the pits, by the application of an impervious layer like STOPAQ, will stifle the corrosion reaction and arrest the pitting. A recently completed test program at Monash which utilised computed tomography (CT) scanning, to very accurately determine the volume of corrosion pits, has confirmed that the application of STOPAQ to pitted stainless steel is very effective at mitigating this type of corrosion.