Comparative experience of the introduction of the amino acid methionine and whey powder to broilers

The paper presents the results of the experience of introducing methionine and its effect on the safety and average weight indicators and the distribution of carcasses by category. During the study, the following conclusions were made: the safety index with the addition of methionine increased by 0.3%; the average weight of chickens after 30 days increased by 10.03%, and after 60 days by 1.99%; with the introduction of methionine after 30 days of the experiment, the average weight of rooster chickens was higher by 6.25%, after 60 days by 0.77%, after 75 days by 2.7%; the introduction of methionine into the diet increases the number of carcasses of category I by 1.7%; the average weight by category with the introduction of methionine led to an increase in the weight of category I by 7.86%; the additive reduced the amount of internal fat of the slaughter yield by 0.2%, increased the output of muscle by 0.6% and subcutaneous fat by 0.1%; methionine reduces the level of fat by 0.2-0.3%, increases the level of protein by 0.7-0.8%.

Pharmacokinetic properties of a novel formulation of S-adenosyl-l-methionine phytate

S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM), the main endogenous methyl donor, is the adenosyl derivative of the amino acid methionine, which displays many important roles in cellular metabolism. It is widely used as a food supplement and in some countries is also marketed as a drug. Its interesting nutraceutical and pharmacological properties prompted us to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of a new form of SAM, the phytate salt. The product was administered orally to rats and pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated by comparing the results with that obtained by administering the SAM tosylated form (SAM PTS). It was found that phytate anion protects SAM from degradation, probably because of steric hindrance exerted by the counterion, and that the SAM phytate displayed significant better pharmacokinetic parameters compared to SAM PTS. These results open to the perspective of the use of new salts of SAM endowed with better pharmacokinetic properties.

Methionine plus cystine to lysine ratio in diets for tambatinga fingerlings

ABSTRACT Among a variety of hybrids produced in Brazil, tambatinga is obtained from the crossing of a tambaqui female with a pirapitinga male. Although rapid weight gain in less time is an attractive characteristic from a commercial viewpoint, the information on its nutritional requirements, especially amino acid requirements, is limited. As corn and soybean meal-based diets available for fish contain deficient levels of essential amino acid methionine, our objective was to determine the digestible methionine plus cystine to lysine ratio in diets for tambatinga fingerlings. We used 900 fish with initial weights varying from 1.49 ±0.59 to 4.14 ±1.70 g, and they were fed six types of diets with different digestible methionine plus cystine to lysine ratios (50, 55, 60, 65, 70, and 75%). Performance parameters such as food efficiency, body depositions of protein, fat, and ash, and nitrogen retention efficiency were evaluated. The increase of digestible methionine plus cystine to lysine ratio in the diet improved quadraticly the feed intake, consumption of digestible methionine plus cystine, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion, protein deposition and body ash and retention efficiency nitrogen until the estimated ratios of 57%, 73%, 58%, 58% and 59%, 59%, 58% and 60%, respectively; and reduced linearly the efficiency of using methionine plus cystine for the weight gain. On the other hand, body fat deposition was not affected. We concluded that the digestible methionine plus cystine: lysine ratio in the rations for tambatinga fingerlings is 59%, for provide better performance and body protein deposition.

Micro-level Estimation of Methionine Using Inhibitory Kinetic Spectrophotometric Method

A large number of bioactive molecules and drugs contain sulfur as an important constituent. Organo-sulfur compounds form a stable complex with Hg2+, thereby inhibiting its catalytic activity. The Hg2+ catalyzed the exchange rate of cyanide with nitroso-R-salt [N-R-salt] from [Ru(CN)6]4- will be reduced by the addition of sulfur-containing amino acid, methionine (MET). This inhibitory property of MET can be employed for its micro-level kinetic determination. Optimum reaction condition viz. I=0.05 M (KNO3), pH = 7.0 ± 0.02, [Ru(CN)64] = 5.25 × 10-5 M, [N-R-salt] = 6.5 × 10-4 M, [Hg+2] = 5.5 × 10-5 M, and Temperature = 45.0 ± 0.1 o C were utilized to investigate the kinetic measurements at 525 nm (λmax of [Ru(CN)5 N-R-salt]3- complex). To explain the mechanism of inhibition caused by methionine on Hg2+ catalyzed exchange of cyanide with N-R-salt from [Ru(CN)6]4-, a modified mechanistic scheme has been proposed. MET can be quantitatively determined up to 2.5 × 10-6 M level by the proposed analytical method. The methodology can be economically and effectively employed for the quantitative estimation of MET in distinct samples.

The Effects of Graded Levels of Calorie Restriction: XVI. Metabolomic Changes in the Cerebellum Indicate Activation of Hypothalamocerebellar Connections Driven by Hunger Responses

Calorie restriction (CR) remains the most robust intervention to extend life span and improve healthspan. Though the cerebellum is more commonly associated with motor control, it has strong links with the hypothalamus and is thought to be associated with nutritional regulation and adiposity. Using a global mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach, we identified 756 metabolites that were significantly differentially expressed in the cerebellar region of the brain of C57BL/6J mice, fed graded levels of CR (10, 20, 30, and 40 CR) compared to mice fed ad libitum for 12 hours a day. Pathway enrichment indicated changes in the pathways of adenosine and guanine (which are precursors of DNA production), aromatic amino acids (tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan) and the sulfur-containing amino acid methionine. We also saw increases in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle, electron donor, and dopamine and histamine pathways. In particular, changes in l-histidine and homocarnosine correlated positively with the level of CR and food anticipatory activity and negatively with insulin and body temperature. Several metabolic and pathway changes acted against changes seen in age-associated neurodegenerative disorders, including increases in the TCA cycle and reduced l-proline. Carnitine metabolites contributed to discrimination between CR groups, which corroborates previous work in the liver and plasma. These results indicate the conservation of certain aspects of metabolism across tissues with CR. Moreover, this is the first study to indicate CR alters the cerebellar metabolome, and does so in a graded fashion, after only a short period of restriction.

Covid-19 Pandemic and Possible Links with Mthfr Mutations, Homocysteinemia, and Metabolic Disturbances: Short Review

Coronovirus-19 (COVID-19) is an associate degree infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus inflicting a worldwide pandemic and chiefly characterized by respiratory symptoms, many times accompanied by a cytokine storm. It causes migration of the neutrophils, macrophages and inflammatory cytokines resulting in the destruction of the alveolar-capillary walls. Coagulopathy in patients with COVID-19 may be a common complication that jeopardizes the clinical course and is related to poorer outcomes and probable death. The methylenetetrahydrofolate enzyme (MTHFR) is coded by the gene with the image MTHFR on chromosome one location p36.3 in humans, and there are desoxyribonucleic acid sequence variants (genetic polymorphisms) related to this gene. However, the 2 commonest ones are C677T and A1298C. Deficiencies within the production of this accelerator are related to raise risk of cardiac muscle infarctions, stroke, thrombosis, and several conditions. Homocysteine (Hcy) is a chemical in the blood formed when the amino acid methionine, a building block of the proteins, is naturally metabolized to be excreted in the urine; throughout this breakdown method, our body will recycle homocysteine to be reused to make different proteins. For this utilization, we need vitamins B12, B6, and folate. Also, for utilization to be the foremost economical, the accelerator MTHFR is needed. Transmissible mutations within the factor that create the MTHFR accelerator will result in an associate degree accelerator that’s not optimally active and should result in elevated homocysteine levels. Several medical conditions, like vascular disorders, obesity, diabetic disorder, peripheral neuropathy, and thrombophilia’s inside others, are associated with high Hcy levels and MTHFR mutations. Few reports link the high risk and poor prognosis with COVID-19 with MTHFR mutation and metabolic disorders like obesity and Diabetes mellitus. In this this review, we provide recommendations to prevent complications in patients with COVID, MTHFR mutations, Diabetes, and Obesity.

Elevated CO2 has concurrent effects on leaf and grain metabolism but minimal effects on yield in wheat

While the general effect of CO2 enrichment on photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, N content, and yield has been documented, there is still some uncertainty as to whether there are interactive effects between CO2 enrichment and other factors, such as temperature, geographical location, water availability, and cultivar. In addition, the metabolic coordination between leaves and grains, which is crucial for crop responsiveness to elevated CO2, has never been examined closely. Here, we address these two aspects by multi-level analyses of data from several free-air CO2 enrichment experiments conducted in five different countries. There was little effect of elevated CO2 on yield (except in the USA), likely due to photosynthetic capacity acclimation, as reflected by protein profiles. In addition, there was a significant decrease in leaf amino acids (threonine) and macroelements (e.g. K) at elevated CO2, while other elements, such as Mg or S, increased. Despite the non-significant effect of CO2 enrichment on yield, grains appeared to be significantly depleted in N (as expected), but also in threonine, the S-containing amino acid methionine, and Mg. Overall, our results suggest a strong detrimental effect of CO2 enrichment on nutrient availability and remobilization from leaves to grains.

ESAT-6 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis downregulates cofilin1 and reduces the phagosome acidification in infected macrophages

Mycobacterium tuberculosis when phagocytosed by macrophages is not cleared completely and many of the bacteria remain in phagosomes indefinitely. In this study we considered abnormal retention of filamentous actin on early phagosomes contributing to defective phagosome acidification. Phosphocofilin1, the inactive form of actin depolymerizing protein cofilin1, which leads to retention of filamentous actin, and the total filamentous actin itself were found upregulated in macrophages infected with virulent M. tuberculosis. Over expression of constitutively active cofilin1 in macrophages was found to increase phagosome acidification when infected with virulent M. tuberculosis. The anticancer drug sorafenib which activates cofilin1 in PI3K dependent manner was also found to increase phagosome acidification. Cofilin1, known to be positively regulated by superoxide was found to be downregulated by ESAT-6 of M. tuberculosis where the latter is known to reduce ROS in macrophages. Ectopic expression of ESAT-6 in macrophages was found to increase filamentous actin and to transform the macrophages more spindle shaped. ESAT-6 was also found to decrease phagosome acidification in macrophages infected with an avirulent M. tuberculosis strain. Finally, this study proposes a role for the amino acid methionine in resisting ROS by creating M93 mutants of ESAT-6.

Potential Implications of Interactions between Fe and S on Cereal Fe Biofortification

Iron (Fe) and sulfur (S) are two essential elements for plants, whose interrelation is indispensable for numerous physiological processes. In particular, Fe homeostasis in cereal species is profoundly connected to S nutrition because phytosiderophores, which are the metal chelators required for Fe uptake and translocation in cereals, are derived from a S-containing amino acid, methionine. To date, various biotechnological cereal Fe biofortification strategies involving modulation of genes underlying Fe homeostasis have been reported. Meanwhile, the resultant Fe-biofortified crops have been minimally characterized from the perspective of interaction between Fe and S, in spite of the significance of the crosstalk between the two elements in cereals. Here, we intend to highlight the relevance of Fe and S interrelation in cereal Fe homeostasis and illustrate the potential implications it has to offer for future cereal Fe biofortification studies.

Methionine Restriction and Cancer Biology

The essential amino acid, methionine, is important for cancer cell growth and metabolism. A growing body of evidence indicates that methionine restriction inhibits cancer cell growth and may enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. This review summarizes the efficacy and mechanism of action of methionine restriction on hallmarks of cancer in vitro and in vivo. The review highlights the role of glutathione formation, polyamine synthesis, and methyl group donation as mediators of the effects of methionine restriction on cancer biology. The translational potential of the use of methionine restriction as a personalized nutritional approach for the treatment of patients with cancer is also discussed.