How statically-typed functional programmers write code

How working statically-typed functional programmers write code is largely understudied. And yet, a better understanding of developer practices could pave the way for the design of more useful and usable tooling, more ergonomic languages, and more effective on-ramps into programming communities. The goal of this work is to address this knowledge gap: to better understand the high-level authoring patterns that statically-typed functional programmers employ. We conducted a grounded theory analysis of 30 programming sessions of practicing statically-typed functional programmers, 15 of which also included a semi-structured interview. The theory we developed gives insight into how the specific affordances of statically-typed functional programming affect domain modeling, type construction, focusing techniques, exploratory and reasoning strategies, and expressions of intent. We conducted a set of quantitative lab experiments to validate our findings, including that statically-typed functional programmers often iterate between editing types and expressions, that they often run their compiler on code even when they know it will not successfully compile, and that they make textual program edits that reliably signal future edits that they intend to make. Lastly, we outline the implications of our findings for language and tool design. The success of this approach in revealing program authorship patterns suggests that the same methodology could be used to study other understudied programmer populations.

Infinite Geraghty type extensions and their applications on integral equations

In this article, we discuss about a series of infinite dimensional extensions of some theorems given in (Shumrani et al. in SER Math. Inform. 33(2):197–202, 2018), (Fisher in Math. Mag. 48(4):223–225, 1975), and (Fogh, Behnamian and Pashaie in Int. J. Maps in Mathematics 2(41):1–13, 2019). We also prove a similar Geraghty type construction for Fisher (Math. Mag. 48(4):223–225, 1975) in an infinite dimension using similar techniques as in (Shumrani et al. in SER Math. Inform. 33(2):197–202, 2018) and (Fogh, Behnamian and Pashaie in Int. J. Maps in Mathematics 2(41):1–13, 2019). As an application, we ensure the existence of solutions for infinite dimensional Fredholm integral equation and Uryshon type integral equation.

GENERATIVE DESIGN OF A FRAME TYPE CONSTRUCTION

Background. In recent years, there has been a rapid development of the domestic military industry. Reducing the mass and increasing the specific strength of military products used in the field – the most pressing challenges facing engineers and scientists today. The rapid development of adaptive production has significantly expanded the possibilities of methods of topological optimization in the design of new products or improvement of existing design and technological solutions in order to reduce weight. Objective. The purpose of the paper is to improve the efficiency of designing the technology of manufacturing a frame type construction based on the method of topological optimization, which will reduce the weight of the product, while maintaining all the specified functional parameters. Methods. The paper presents an analysis of topological optimization methods and offers the interaction of modern ADS, namely CAD, CAM, CAE modules at the stage of design and technological preparation of production, which once again demonstrated its effectiveness in solving problems to reduce product weight. Results. The main tasks of topological optimization were solved for the frame type constructions, such as the minimization of volume and mass under physical constraints, as well as the optimization of other parameters with given geometric constraints. As a result, the proposed method of reducing the weight of the product is improved, which due to rational design and technological measures ensured a 56 % reduction in the weight of the frame type structure from the original and reduced the complexity of the manufacturing process by 22 % due to its effective adaptation to new technological conditions. Conclusions. The application of methods of topological optimization and rational establishment of design and technological constraints on products at the design stage can be very effective in solving problems of reducing the weight of products and optimizing manufacturing processes.

Radon Spatial Variations in University’s Buildings Located in an Italian Karst Region

In the framework of a collaboration between INAIL and University of Salento, an indoor radon survey in 54 buildings belonging to the UniSalento University (Southeast Italy) was carried out. The monitored buildings differ by type, construction period, materials, etc., and are located in an area with a morphology characterized mainly by marls, calcareous marls, and calcarenites (karst area). The sample of the survey includes 963 rooms at different floors: it consists in rooms mainly located at ground floor (67%), first floor (12%), and below ground (12%). SSNTD passive dosimeters measured the average radon activity concentration for two consecutive semesters (spring/summer and autumn/winter) from which annual radon averages were estimated for each room. The spatial variability within buildings was investigated in terms of variation between floors and among rooms at the same floor. Data analysis provides evidence that the distributions (in terms of arithmetic mean, standard deviation, median, and geometric mean) of indoor radon annual averages at ground floor and at first floor within building are very similar. This highlights that the karstic characteristics of soil and building materials affect radon levels not only below ground and at ground floor, but also at first floor. Moreover, to evaluate the spatial variability of radon among buildings or floors, the analysis of the distribution of coefficient of variation (CV) was carried out: the results show a low spatial variability with median and average values of CVs ≤ 30% both for the whole building and at different floor levels.

An Added Benefit of Masks During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Ultraviolet Protection

The widespread use of masks during the COVID-19 pandemic presents a new avenue for protecting the lower half of the face from the harms of sun exposure. The increased social acceptability of masks, which may persist post-pandemic, has the potential to impact prevention of photosensitive disorders, photoaging, and skin cancer. The authors sought to review clinically relevant information on the ultraviolet (UV) shielding properties of masks. This synthesis of current research will help physicians counsel patients on optimal mask choices, from both dermatological and public health viewpoints. The variables impacting the UV protection of masks were reviewed, including fabric type, construction, porosity, and color. Other factors related to wear and use such as moisture, stretch, laundering, and sanitization are discussed in the context of the pandemic. Black, tightly woven, triple-layered polyester cloth masks were determined to be optimal for UV protection. The most protective choice against both SARS-CoV-2 and UV radiation is a medical mask worn underneath the aforementioned cloth mask. In order to preserve the filtration capacity of the fabric, masks should be changed once they have become moist. Washing cotton masks before first use in laundry detergents containing brightening agents increases their UV protection. Overall, cloth masks for the public that are safest against SARS-CoV-2 are generally also the most protective against UV damage. People should be encouraged to procure a high-quality mask to simultaneously help reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and shield against sun exposure. Further investigation is needed on the UV-protective properties of medical masks.

Soil-Structure Interaction Study on Group pile over Monopile Foundation

Soil structures are very important for very good strength and durability to the reinforced concrete structures. it is extensively used for bridges, turbines, dams, industrial structures, and other heavy structures. soil-structure interactions are extensively used for seismic responses to the structures. it is mostly used in geotechnical investigations on pile foundations. The main importance of soil-structure interaction is the response of soil and structure and it influences the motion of ground and motion of the structure. It is one of the important factors to know the interactions between the soil and the ground. If the soil interactions are good, then the structure will be safe and strong and withstand the seismic effects. So, the study of soil interaction is important for any structure for safety and serviceability conditions. This paper mainly focuses on group piles over the monopile foundation of soil interaction. This mainly explains the importance of a monopile foundation over the group pile foundation. Monopile foundation is simple to type construction and standard foundation nowadays. This paper is mainly focused on soil structure and its interaction and as well monopile foundation and its importance.

Multistep-type construction of fixed point for multivalued ρ-quasi-contractive-like maps in modular function spaces

PurposeIn this paper, the explicit multistep, explicit multistep-SP and implicit multistep iterative sequences are introduced in the context of modular function spaces and proven to converge to the fixed point of a multivalued map T such that PρT, an associate multivalued map, is a ρ-contractive-like mapping.Design/methodology/approachThe concepts of relative ρ-stability and weak ρ-stability are introduced, and conditions in which these multistep iterations are relatively ρ-stable, weakly ρ-stable and ρ-stable are established for the newly introduced strong ρ-quasi-contractive-like class of maps.FindingsNoor type, Ishikawa type and Mann type iterative sequences are deduced as corollaries in this study.Originality/valueThe results obtained in this work are complementary to those proved in normed and metric spaces in the literature.

Qualitative Methoden der Kommunikationswissenschaft

The third, updated edition of this handbook and textbook first introduces the scientific and epistemological background to the qualitative methods used in communication science in an understandable way, before presenting the basic methods of understanding: phenomenological description, comparison, hermeneutics, dialectics and type construction. Finally, it explains the complex methods relevant to communication research in an application-oriented manner: conversation analysis, group discussions, participant observation, qualitative interviews, qualitative content analysis, biographical methods, historical studies and scientific description. This work provides a detailed and reliable basis for teachers and students, for self-study and project planning as well as for the preparation of theses.

Algebroids, AKSZ Constructions and Doubled Geometry

We give a self-contained survey of some approaches aimed at a global description of the geometry underlying double field theory. After reviewing the geometry of Courant algebroids and their incarnations in the AKSZ construction, we develop the theory of metric algebroids including their graded geometry. We use metric algebroids to give a global description of doubled geometry, incorporating the section constraint, as well as an AKSZ-type construction of topological doubled sigma-models. When these notions are combined with ingredients of para-Hermitian geometry, we demonstrate how they reproduce kinematical features of double field theory from a global perspective, including solutions of the section constraint for Riemannian foliated doubled manifolds, as well as a natural notion of generalized T-duality for polarized doubled manifolds. We describe the L ∞-algebras of symmetries of a doubled geometry, and briefly discuss other proposals for global doubled geometry in the literature.