Life-cycle impact assessment methods for physical energy scarcity: considerations and suggestions

Purpose Most approaches for energy use assessment in life cycle assessment do not consider the scarcity of energy resources. A few approaches consider the scarcity of fossil energy resources only. No approach considers the scarcity of both renewable and non-renewable energy resources. In this paper, considerations for including physical energy scarcity of both renewable and non-renewable energy resources in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) are discussed. Methods We begin by discussing a number of considerations for LCIA methods for energy scarcity, such as which impacts of scarcity to consider, which energy resource types to include, which spatial resolutions to choose, and how to match with inventory data. We then suggest three LCIA methods for physical energy scarcity. As proof of concept, the use of the third LCIA method is demonstrated in a well-to-wheel assessment of eight vehicle propulsion fuels. Results and discussion We suggest that global potential physical scarcity can be operationalized using characterization factors based on the reciprocal physical availability for a set of nine commonly inventoried energy resource types. The three suggested LCIA methods for physical energy scarcity consider the following respective energy resource types: (i) only stock-type energy resources (natural gas, coal, crude oil and uranium), (ii) only flow-type energy resources (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and the flow generated from biomass funds), and (iii) both stock- and flow-type resources by introducing a time horizon over which the stock-type resources are distributed. Characterization factors for these three methods are provided. Conclusions LCIA methods for physical energy scarcity that provide meaningful information and complement other methods are feasible and practically applicable. The characterization factors of the three suggested LCIA methods depend heavily on the aggregation level of energy resource types. Future studies may investigate how physical energy scarcity changes over time and geographical locations.

PSII-15 Investigations of feeding preferences for common palatants in equine weanlings

Work in other species has demonstrated an impact of gestational exposure on flavor preferences. Although equine palatability preferences in mature horses have been identified, feeding behaviors in growing horses are not well documented. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of exposure to common palatants in utero on feeding preferences of weanlings. Stock-type weanlings (n = 4) weighing 225(±18.15) kg at 29(±2.55) weeks of age were used in a side-by-side comparison test with a divided feeding platform. Common palatants (apple and anise) were utilized throughout the broodmare gestational period. A novel palatant, peppermint, was withheld during gestation to identify impacts associated with neophobic tendencies. Treatments were offered once daily for three consecutive days across three periods (4 weeks apart) using a pelleted concentrate feed with an application rate of 0.375 mL/0.23 kg. Weanlings were allowed free access to the feeding platform with identical pans spaced 6” apart for 20 minutes. Treatment location within the feeding platform was changed daily to limit effects associated with side-eating. Data were measured as a Chi Square test of SAS using PROC FREQ statement with α ≤. 0.05. Despite gestational exposure to apple and anise, no preference was measured in palatability assessments including First Sniff (P = 0.29), First Consumed (P = 0.70), First Finished (P = 0.29). These data suggest that exposure in utero failed to elicit a preference for common palatants in weanling horses. Additionally, these data fail to demonstrate a neophobic effect for a novel palatant, peppermint.

HIDING IN PLAIN SIGHT: SENTIMENT ANALYSIS AND THE EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS

The stock market is a notoriously complex and unpredictable system, and because of this has always been an alluring subject for academic research seeking to make the unpredictable more predictable. This major research project is no different as it aims to quantify the predictive value of financial sentiment, determine which sentiments are most meaningful, when they are most meaningful, and if meaningful sentiment varies depending on type of stock. To pursue these goals, the project finds its theoretical footing in Eugene Fama’s Efficient Market Hypothesis and Daniel Kahneman’s Prospect Theory. However, the methodological component of this project enters into emerging territory as it employs sentiment analysis and machine learning, which have only recently been made possible by advances in technology and communications practices. Specifically, through the use of the Loughran-McDonald dictionary for financial sentiment, corporate press releases were analyzed and tested using a Random Forest machine learning model. The results from this project show that financial senitiment found in press releases does provide a slight predictive edge, however the sentiments responsible for that edge vary based on type of stock, type of fluctuation being predicted, and timeframe.

HIDING IN PLAIN SIGHT: SENTIMENT ANALYSIS AND THE EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS

The stock market is a notoriously complex and unpredictable system, and because of this has always been an alluring subject for academic research seeking to make the unpredictable more predictable. This major research project is no different as it aims to quantify the predictive value of financial sentiment, determine which sentiments are most meaningful, when they are most meaningful, and if meaningful sentiment varies depending on type of stock. To pursue these goals, the project finds its theoretical footing in Eugene Fama’s Efficient Market Hypothesis and Daniel Kahneman’s Prospect Theory. However, the methodological component of this project enters into emerging territory as it employs sentiment analysis and machine learning, which have only recently been made possible by advances in technology and communications practices. Specifically, through the use of the Loughran-McDonald dictionary for financial sentiment, corporate press releases were analyzed and tested using a Random Forest machine learning model. The results from this project show that financial senitiment found in press releases does provide a slight predictive edge, however the sentiments responsible for that edge vary based on type of stock, type of fluctuation being predicted, and timeframe.

PERAN HARGA PATOKAN (ANCHOR PRICE) TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN UNTUK MEMBELI SAHAM

The purpose of this study is to examine the role of anchor prices in consumer decision making in buying shares. When buying shares someone has a benchmark or reference. This study uses positive information about the issuer as a reference to buy shares. The research method used is the 2X2 2 experimental method (Price Display: Regular Price vs. Price + Info) x 2 (Stock Type: BKSL vs. WIKA. Participants are students who are also investors who are used to making transactions in the capital market. that information plays an important role for investors to decide to buy shares Investors prefer stocks whose prices are accompanied by information about the issuer.When expensive and cheaper shares are given information, it turns out investors prefer shares with high prices that are informed about the issuer.

112 Effect of an Oral Joint Supplement on Gait Kinematics and Biomarkers of Cartilage Metabolism and Inflammation in Mature Riding Horses

Twenty stock-type horses (589 ± 126 kg BW; 13 ± 8 yr) were utilized in a completely randomized design for a 28-d trial to evaluate a joint supplement on gait kinematics, inflammation and cartilage metabolism. Horses were stratified by age, sex, body weight (BW), and initial lameness score and were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments consisting of either a 100 g placebo top-dressed daily to 0.6% BW (as-fed) commercial concentrate (CON; n = 10), or an oral joint supplement (SmartPak Equine LLC) containing glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, methylsulfonylmethane, turmeric, resveratrol, collagen, silica, and boron (TRT; n = 10). Horses had ad libitum access to coastal bermudagrass hay (Cynodon dactylon) and exercised progressively 4 d/wk, for 45 min/d. On d 13 and 27, blood was harvested following a 19.3 km exercise stressor. Every 14 d, blood was collected for plasma prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and serum collagenase cleavage neopeptide (C2C), carboxypropeptide of type II collagen (CPII), and chondroitin sulfate 846 epitope (CS846). Gait kinematics were analyzed every 14 d (Kinovea v.0.8.15) to determine stride length (SL) and range of motion (ROM) of the knee and hock at the walk and trot. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Hock ROM increased in TRT (P ≤ 0.02) at the walk and tended to increase at the trot (P = 0.09). At the walk, SL and knee ROM increased (P ≤ 0.01) in all horses. C2C and CPII increased over time (P ≤ 0.05) and no effect was observed for CS846 or PGE2 (P > 0.12). In response to the exercise stressor, CPII and PGE2 decreased (P ≤ 0.05) from d 13 to 14, and CS846 and PGE2 tended to decrease (P ≤ 0.10) from d 27 to 28, independent of diet. In conclusion, hock ROM at the walk and trot was the most sensitive to TRT, but biomarker concentration of collagen metabolites and systemic inflammation was not altered in 28 d.

66 Intra-articular lipopolysaccharide challenge has no long-term effects on inflammation and cartilage metabolism

Intra-articular lipopolysaccharide is a common model to induce acute synovitis to investigate the effects of various therapeutic agents or nutraceuticals. The long-term effects of intra-articular lipopolysaccharide use in skeletally mature and immature horses has yet to be investigated; therefore, the objective of this study was to describe long-term effects of single-administration of intra-articular lipopolysaccharide on joint inflammation and cartilage metabolism. To test this objective, both radial carpal joints from 5 stock-type horses never exposed to lipopolysaccharide (CON; n = 10) were compared to radial carpal joints from 17 similar stock-type horses previously exposed to intra-articular lipopolysaccharide (INFL; n = 34). Joints within INFL were further categorized as the joint which received lipopolysaccharide (LPS; n = 17) and contralateral control which received iso-volumetric lactated Ringer’s solution (CONTRA; n = 17). A single synovial fluid sample from each joint was analyzed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), collagenase cleavage neopeptide (C2C), carboxypeptide of type II collagen (CPII), and chondroitin sulfate 846 (CS846). All data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with main effects of treatment (CON, INFL) and joint (CON, LPS, CONTRA). Time post-administration (1.5, 2, 6 yr) and age-at-administration (1, 3, 5, 7 yr) were included in the model within INFL joints (LPS, CONTRA). There was no influence of treatment on any biomarker (P > 0.40). Similarly, inflammation and cartilage metabolism were not different between CON, CONTRA, and LPS joints (P > 0.50). Within INFL, there was no influence of joint, age, or time post-administration for PGE2, CPII, or CS846 (P > 0.10). A joint x time interaction was observed for catabolic C2C (P < 0.01); however, where LPS was less than CONTRA 2 yr post-lipopolysaccharide administration and similarly when lipopolysaccharide was administered at 5 and 7 yr of age (P < 0.01). These data indicate no long-term negative effects for the use of intra-articular lipopolysaccharide as an acute inflammatory model in skeletally mature and immature horses.