Selection of pineapple hybrids via genotypic values (REML/BLUP) for fruit mass and total soluble solids

The ranking of hybrids via genotypic values stands out due to its maximum selective accuracy in relation to ordering based on phenotypic values, which incorporate environmental effects, causing changes in the final classification. The aim of this study was to pre-select cloned pineapple hybrids based on genotypic values for higher total soluble solids (TSS) and larger fruit mass without crown (FMWC). It was evaluated with 364 hybrids propagated vegetatively, in a Federer's Augmented Blocks. Genotypic values were estimated by REML/BLUP procedure. High proportion of the phenotypic variance was explained by genotypic effects, due to heritabilities in broad sense of 0.9786 (TSS) and 0.4929 (FMWC). IPA 04-60, IPA 125-363, IPA 125-85, and IPA 04-92 hybrids present FMWC greatest than 2.20 kg. IPA 125-218, IPA 125-95, IPA 125-188, and IPA 125-97 hybrids achieve TSS greatest than 20.0 °Brix. These hybrids exhibit promising traits to proceed a second evaluation cycle via vegetative propagation.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of genotype-based and individualized data analysis of SLCO1B1 gene and statin-induced myopathy

This meta-analysis was conducted to determine the genotypic effects of rs4149056 and rs2306283 polymorphism in SLCO1B1 gene on myopathy in patients with statin. Studies were searched using multiple databases and selected following inclusion criteria. Two reviewers independently performed data extraction and assessments for risk of bias. Fixed-or-random-effect was applied to pool allele frequency/effects. Mixed-effect logit model was used to pool genotypic effects using individual patient data. Heterogeneity and publication bias were explored. Fourteen studies were pooled for rs4149056; the minor C allele frequency were 15% in Caucasians and 14% in Asians. Six studies were pooled for rs2306283; the minor G allele frequency was 34% in Caucasian and 75% in Asians. Genotypic effects of rs4149056 polymorphism in Caucasians indicated that statin users who carried CC and TC genotypes had a significantly higher risk of myopathy than those who carried TT genotype, with a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 2.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.59, 5.34) and 1.6 (1.20, 2.16), respectively. For subgroup analysis, CC and TC genotypes also suggested a higher risk of myopathy in simvastatin users [OR = 2.8 (1.17, 6.77) and OR = 1.8 (1.15, 2.77), respectively] and in atorvastatin users [OR = 4.0 (1.23, 12.63) and OR = 2.0 (1.11, 3.52), respectively] than those who carried TT genotype. There was no significant association between rs2306283 polymorphism and myopathy in Caucasians and Asians. There was no evidence of publication bias for both polymorphisms.

Assessment of Morpho-Physiological, Yield and Yield Attributing Traits Related to Post Anthesis Drought in Wheat Genotypes Under Rainfed Condition in Rampur, Chitwan

A set of twenty wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes was evaluated to assess morpho-physiological, yield and yield attributing traits related to post-anthesis drought in wheat genotypes under rainfed condition in a Randomized completely block design with three replications at research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Rampur, Chitwan, during winter season of 2016/2017. The result revealed highly significant genotypic effects for number of tillers per m2 area, plant height, spike length, number of grains per spike, weight of grains per spike, 1000 kernels weight, days to booting, days to heading, days to anthesis, days to flag leaf senescence, days to maturity, SPAD meter reading, peduncle length, grain filling duration and reproductive growth period. Significant genotypic effects were found for grain yield, biological yield and harvest index and an array of variation was found among the genotypes for each trait. But non-significant genotypic effect was found for canopy temperature depression. WK2373 gave highest grain yield kg/ha (3035 kg/ha) and biomass yield kg/ha (8080 kg/ha). This study presented WK2373, WK2379, WK2380, WK2386, WK2388, WK2383, WK 2378 and WK1481 the best genotypes governing different valuable traits. These potential genotypes for valuable traits found in different clusters. Crossing genotypes belonging to different clusters could maximize the opportunities for transgressive segregation as there is a higher probability that unrelated genotypes would contribute unique desirable alleles at different loci. Therefore, this study can help breeders to increase genetic diversity by selecting materials of divergent parentage for crosses, thereby reducing vulnerability to diseases and climate changes. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(3): 323-335

A new member in the Argonaute crew: the mt-miRNAs

SummaryMutations within the mitochondrial genome have been linked to many diverse phenotypes. Moreover, the effects of these mutations have been shown to differ across sexes and environments. The mechanisms that explain the manifold array of mitochondrial genotypic effects on organismal function, and their context-dependency, have however remained a mystery. Here, we present evidence that mitochondria are involved in nuclear gene regulation via RNA interference; transcribing mitochondrial (mt-)miRNAs that may repress the transcription of nuclear genes that previously had no known involvement in mitochondrial function. Our findings uncover a new mechanism by which mitochondria may shape the expression of animal life-histories and health components; implying that the influence of the mitochondria in regulating organismal function extends well beyond the process of energy production.

Exploring genetic variation based on drought-induced phenotypic alterations during reproductive stages in Desi and Kabuli types of chickpea

Background: Identification of appropriate varieties adapted to the global warming and enhanced drought changes is imperative. In this study two sets of thirty elite genotypes of Desi and Kabuli chickpea types were used to investigate the effects of water scarcity at the phenotypic level in reproductive stages and surveying different drought-induced responses for them. Results: Alterations in GY and its components, FT, PT, MT, FM, and SDM as well as number of drought tolerance indices were measured in field conditions. The estimated genotypic effects were detected significant at both limited and full irrigation conditions for GY, GN, GW, and SDM; however, these effects had smaller values for environmental effects except in GW. The SDM and GW in water-limited conditions showed significant positive relationship with those of full irrigated for both chickpea types. GMP index provided the most positive correlations with GY for both type either of two conditions. The highest direct effect on GY was represented by SDM for Kabuli at both conditions as well as Desi chickpeas in limited water condition, while GN was the most one in full-irrigated Desi chickpeas. The ideal genotypes, 25 and 321, as Kabuli and Desi chickpeas, respectively, were detected with high stable and high GY.Conclusions: Results of this study showed that tested chickpea genotypes responded differently under different water treatments, suggesting the importance of assessment of genotypes under these conditions in order to identify the best genotype make up for each particular condition. As water stress severity was applied equally, therefore it was thought to be more serious in genotypes with a greater life cycle. However, it seems that chickpea plants have been adapted to the terminal drought stress, which could be due to the same time of vegetative growth with filling pods and transfer capability of photosynthesis assimilates towards more grain yield in tolerant genotypes. It seems to change in plant phenology due to the terminal drought stress more affected GN and GW in Desi and Kabuli chickpeas, respectively. These differences could be clear points for the leadership of breeding programs towards more adaptation of both Desi and Kabuli chickpea types to terminal water stress, respectively. Moderate to a high proportion of G × E effects were observed in combined analysis for GY, GN, and SDM compared to genotypic effects, suggesting that G × E effects played a greater role than genotypic effects. The ideal genotype of Kabuli type i.e. genotype 25 had greater GY as well as SDM in water-limited condition, while genotype 321 as ideal Desi genotype showed acceptable GY and SDM, but could compensate with higher GN.

Multivariate genotypic analyses that identify specific genotypes to characterize disease and control groups in ADNI

INTRODUCTIONGenetic contributions to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) are likely polygenic and not necessarily explained by uniformly applied linear and additive effects. In order to better understand the genetics of AD, we require statistical techniques to address both polygenic and possible non-additive effects.METHODSWe used partial least squares-correspondence analysis (PLS-CA)—a method designed to detect multivariate genotypic effects. We used ADNI-1 (N = 756) as a discovery sample with two forms of PLS-CA: diagnosis-based and ApoE-based. We used ADNI-2 (N= 791) as a validation sample with a diagnosis-based PLS-CA.RESULTSWith PLS-CA we identified some expected genotypic effects (e.g., APOE/TOMM40, and APP) and a number of new effects that include, for examples, risk-associated genotypes in RBFOX1 and GPC6 and control-associated genotypes in PTPN14 and CPNE5.DISCUSSIONThrough the use of PLS-CA, we were able to detect complex (multivariate, genotypic) genetic contributions to AD, which included many non-additive and non-linear risk and possibly protective effects.