ANALYSIS OF BAKERY PROPERTIES OF GRAIN OF NEW VARIETIES AND LINES OF WHEAT SPELTS

There were studied technological properties of grain of different varieties and lines of wheat spelt. There were analyzed differences between the quality of bread of flour of the highest sort and wholemeal, demonstrated the topicality of the differentiated approach to technological properties of flour for its production, elucidated the possibility of using wholemeal of wheat spelt for producing bread of the increased biological value. It was experimentally confirmed that a value of gloss of the bread surface and its general assessment is influenced by the protein content in grain. The gluten content influences bread quality parameters a bit less. At the same time, the index of gluten deformation also influences the crust surface, size of pores, general assessment of the bread quality. Its quality is high in all studied samples. The highest general culinary mark is put to bread, obtained from flour of the variety Zorya of Ukraine, LPP 3132, lines NAK34/12-2 and TV 1100. Based on studied of organoleptic, physical-chemical parameters of bread, there was confirmed the possibility of the promising use of wheat spelt grain in the bakery technology for raising the quality of products and widening the assortment.

Enhancement of interfacial bioelectrocatalysis in Shewanella microbial fuel cells by a hierarchical porous carbon–silica composite derived from distiller's grains

A synergistic effect of a hierarchically porous structure and a siliceous crust surface for an enhanced bioelectrocatalysis activity in a microbial fuel cell.

Secrets of Abraham Ganz’s Train Wheels Enlightened by Materials Science Methods

Case hardened, double-walled train wheel, produced in the foundry of Abraham Ganz in 1867 and used for long time on the railroad tracks, was studied and evaluated by modern methods of materials sciences. The investigations indicated the presence of 0.059m% antimony (Sb), distributed uniformly in the material of the wheel. This quantity is several times higher than the average Sb amounts (<0.01m%) of the other components get into the castings. Sb was detected even in the several mm thick crust; except in the outermost surface layer with < 1 µm thickness. Based on the 20th century comprehensive studies, the antimony content, detected in the wheel, was found to be ideal. In grey iron it is a powerful pearlite stabilizer which has favourable effects on its mechanical properties and serviceability.The investigation of the surface structure proved that the excellent hardness (~600 HV) at the crust surface was due to the “nano-composite” structure formed from the pearlite as a consequence of severe plastic deformation during service. This was also promoted by the high amount (4.09m%) of carbon present in the casting. The microstructure refinement during operation most probably contributes to the long service lifetime of the wheels.The secret of the Abraham Ganz’s train wheels is inherently present – besides the novel construction and production technology (case hardening) – in the above mentioned composition and the structure of the material.

Crosscorrelation of Earthquake Data Using Stationary Phase Evaluation: Insight into Reflection Structures of Oceanic Crust Surface in the Nankai Trough

Seismic interferometry (SI) has been recently employed to retrieve the reflection response from natural earthquakes. We perform experimental study to apply SI to Ocean Bottom Seismogram (OBS) records in the Nankai Trough, southwest Japan in order to reveal the relatively shallow geological boundaries including surface of oceanic crust. Although the local earthquakes with short raypath we use to retrieve reflection response are expected to contain the higher-frequency components to detect fine-scale structures by SI, they cannot be assumed as plane waves and are inhomogeneously distributed. Since the condition of inhomogeneous source distribution violates the assumption of SI, the conventional processing yields to the deteriorated subsurface images. Here we adopt the raypath calculation for stationary phase evaluation of SI in order to overcome this problem. To find stationary phase, we estimate the raypaths of two reflections: (1) sea-surfaceP-wave reflection and (2) sea-surface multipleP-wave reflection. From the estimated raypath, we choose the crosscorrelation traces which are expected to produce objective reflections considering the stationary phase points. We use the numerical-modeling data and field data with 6 localized earthquakes and show that choosing the crosscorrelation traces by stationary phase evaluation improves the quality of the reflections of the oceanic crust surface.

GEODYNAMICS

The important problems of the GPS measurements are the searches of the earthquake precursors and study of irreversible and varying displacement of the Earth crust, due to the strongest earthquakes. With development of GPS systems and improvement of satellite technologies of measurements and methods of processing there was possible to in detail register the processes occurring during activization of seismicity. GPS measurement with the large frequency of registration of satellite signals are the powerful tool of study longperiodical waves at the strongest earthquakes. There are considered the examples of registration of the irreversible and coseismical horizontal displacements and deformations of the Earth crust surface arising during the tectonical processes, accompanied the strong earthquakes (Izmit by 1999, Alaska 2002, Sumatra 2004 etc.).

THE EFFICIENCY OF THE STRATEGY OF MUCILAGINOUS SEEDS OF SOME COMMON ANNUALS OF THE NEGEV ADHERING TO THE SOIL CRUST TO DELAY COLLECTION BY ANTS

Groups of dry seeds of four annual plant species which occur in the Negev highlands were placed on a natural, dry or wet loess soil crust surface near Sede Boker on the Zin plateau during the autumn before the first rains, and on the first day with rain (1.15 mm). Ant nests ofMessor rugosuswere 8 to 14m from the experimental plot. The length of time it took these ants to collect the free or adhered seeds was observed. When the mucilaginous ombrohydrochoric seeds ofAnastatatica hierochuntica, Plantago coronopus, andCarrichtera annuaadhere to wet soil that remains moist, most of the seeds may have time to germinate in proper conditions before they are collected by ants. However, all but 5% of theReboudia pinnataseeds were collected within 2 h. The adhered seeds that had been moistened by wet soil crust and then dried, were collected by ants, in most cases, faster than when seeds and soil remained moist. Within 2 h none of the dry and free seeds situated on the dry soil surface remained. The first free seeds were collected after 7 min. Findings are discussed together with the mechanisms and strategies involved in seed dispersal by rain and germination of these plant species.