INNATE IMMUNITY AGAINST HIV AMONG HIGHLY EXPOSED SERO-NEGATIVE (HESN) FEMALE SEX WORKERS

In 2010, the UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Program on HIV and AIDS) evaluates that the greater part surprisingly living with HIV/AIDS are women. It is assessed that, in Africa, ladies are twice as liable to contract HIV-1 through sexual intercourse involving vagina contrasted to men and are along these lines thought to be vulnerable persons in the population. The improvement of a female microbicide that gives security against HIV-1 infection is a promising preventive and precaution strategy.

THE INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS ROLE IN GLOBAL HEALTH

International government organizations with a global outreach are working on global health issues to achieve the objective of Health for All. The key actors in global health working on global health problems are the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) (Johnson, Stotskopt, & Shi, 2018). These international organizations participate in generating and sharing knowledge, engage in advocacy,provide global funds for health efforts. Our paper will analyze the structure, goals, and processes of global health organizations, UNESCO and UNAIDS.

How does the covid-19 pandemic affect the target 90-90-90?

Abstract:: In 2014, The Joint United Nations Program on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) has set an ambitious target code-named 90-90-90, which aims to ensure that 90% of all people living with HIV will know their state, 90% of all people diagnosed will receive sustained antiretroviral therapy, and 90% of all people receiving ART will have viral suppression by 2020. Since 2014, many tests and treatment programs have been developed to achieve the above goals worldwide. In 2019, it was reported that many developed countries can reach the target with the right strategies, as well as regions that are still far from the targets. It has been reported that the fourth 90 should be one of the targets related to HIV infection in recent years. This view, beyond virological suppression, was towards developing programs that would enable people living with HIV to live not only longer but also healthy. The socio-cultural and economic obstacles to reach the targets may vary according to geographical regions, but it is clear that COVID-19 disease, which has taken the whole world under influence since 2019, is a major obstacle to the 90-90-90 targets worldwide. Difficulties in the diagnosis and access to ART and treatment nonadherence which may be encountered more frequently due to many factors may threaten both the health of people living with HIV and public health. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted many programs developed in the fight against the HIV epidemic. Considering COVID-19 disease and future epidemics that may create a chaotic environment, analyzing the difficulties experienced in the pandemic retrospectively, and determining new strategies that will bring appropriate solutions to the problems will play an important role in the proper management of future issues.

INNATE IMMUNITY AGAINST HIV AMONG HIGHLY EXPOSED SERONEGATIVE (HESN) FEMALE SEX WORKERS

In 2010, the UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Program on HIV and AIDS) evaluates that the greater part surprisingly living with HIV/AIDS are women. It is assessed that, in Africa, ladies are twice as liable to contract HIV-1 through sexual intercourse involving vagina contrasted to men and are along these lines thought to be vulnerable persons in the population. The improvement of a female microbicide that gives security against HIV-1 infection is a promising preventive and precaution strategy.

Overview and perspective on HIV/AIDS, cancer and DNA repair genes: A review of the literature.

In its latest report, the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (2016) estimated that there were 36.5 million people living with HIV/AIDS in 2015, compared to 26.2 million in 1999, increasing by 41% the number of infected. Africa accounts for 69% of all cases. Other continents are also of concern, with 5 million infected in Asia, 1.5 million in North America, 1.4 million in Eastern Europe and 1.4 million in Latin America. HIV infection is characterized by the coexistence of immunodeficiency, driven by infection and depletion of CD4 + cells and chronic systemic activation of innate and adaptive immunity. HIV-infected individuals have a higher risk of developing specific types of cancer when compared to the general population, particularly Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and invasive cervical carcinoma that are classified as AIDS-defining cancers. DNA repair is a key defense mechanism for maintaining genome integrity, repairing damage from exposure to environmental xenobiotics, as well as endogenous damage (eg from oxidative metabolism) or the spontaneous disintegration of chemical bonds in the genome, preventing the appearance of cancer. There is a need to individually and combined evaluate the influence of defective repair genes on HIV/AIDS patients and the impact of these defective genes on genetic stability and susceptibility to cancer.

Effectiveness of UNAIDS targets and HIV vaccination across 127 countries

The HIV pandemic continues to impose enormous morbidity, mortality, and economic burdens across the globe. Simultaneously, innovations in antiretroviral therapy, diagnostic approaches, and vaccine development are providing novel tools for treatment-as-prevention and prophylaxis. We developed a mathematical model to evaluate the added benefit of an HIV vaccine in the context of goals to increase rates of diagnosis, treatment, and viral suppression in 127 countries. Under status quo interventions, we predict a median of 49 million [first and third quartiles 44M, 58M] incident cases globally from 2015 to 2035. Achieving the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS 95–95–95 target was estimated to avert 25 million [20M, 33M] of these new infections, and an additional 6.3 million [4.8M, 8.7M] reduction was projected with the 2020 introduction of a 50%-efficacy vaccine gradually scaled up to 70% coverage. This added benefit of prevention through vaccination motivates imminent and ongoing clinical trials of viable candidates to realize the goal of HIV control.

Ending the HIV/AIDS epidemic in low- and middle-income countries by 2030: is it possible?

The international community has committed to ending the epidemics of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical infections by 2030, and this bold stance deserves universal support. In this paper, we discuss whether this ambitious goal is achievable for HIV/AIDS and what is needed to further accelerate progress. The joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 targets and the related strategy are built upon currently available health technologies that can diagnose HIV infection and suppress viral replication in all people with HIV. Nonetheless, there is much work to be done in ensuring equitable access to these HIV services for key populations and those who remain outside the rims of the traditional health services. Identifying a cure and a preventive vaccine would further help accelerate progress in ending the epidemic. Other disease control programmes could learn from the response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.