Carl von Linné: The Development of the Idea of Binomial Nomenclature

Due to binomial classification system defined by Carl von Linné, it has been shown that living things that were thought to be independent from each other are actually in a relationship. This "binomial classification" idea corresponds to a leap in the history of human thought. Carl von Linné's original idea is a product of the specific conditions of the period, particularly the renaissance and reform movements and geographical discoveries, rather than an idea he produced alone. These movements are part of a chain of ideas that stretches from antiquity to the Medieval and then to the period called the Enlightenment. The aforementioned transformations generally affected the scientist, albeit indirectly, even in geographies far from Sweden, where Carl von Linné spent most of his life. As such, the binomial classification system stands before us as a result of scientific breakthroughs in central Europe. In this study, it will be tried to be explained by taking the opus magnum of Carl von Linne as an example, taking into account the course of scientific developments, which we can attribute to the European civilization, and the philosophical and social texture.

The Ideas of Russian Slavophiles and Occidentalists as Reflected in Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s Discourse on Freedom

When developing ideological concepts and creating literary characters, Dostoyevsky drew from, among others, the ideas of the then most important trends in the Russian thought: Slavophilic and Occidental, as refl ected, among other examples, in his discourse on freedom. The condemnation of certain aspects of Western European civilization, present in the writer’s work – often articulated by the Slavophiles – expresses his aversion to negative freedom and excessive individualism, which undercut the roots of the social organism. Dostoyevsky’s affi nity with the Slavophiles is also refl ected in his positive attitude towards the Russian people and fascination with the unspoiled Christianity and community which they preserved. The formation of Dostoyevsky’s views was also infl uenced by the Occidentalists. The need to maintain the personality ideal, as the Occidentalists understood it, was extremely important to him. The writer glorifi ed the values that cemented the Orthodox community, without negating the knowledge and experience gained in the course of the 200-year Europeanization of the upper classes of the Russian society. He considered Occidentalism to be a phenomenon “leaning towards” specifi c social realities from which it drew its strength. The writer envisaged a harmonious coexistence of freedom and love, their unity. In his opinion, this unity could not be an expression of excess, egoism, pride, moral and moral promiscuity, exaggerated individualism and rationalism. He equated genuine freedom with commitment to God and to the well-being of the humankind.

Coffee and Cafes in the Urban Spaces of Europe, the Orient and Bulgaria

The text tells about the urban phenomenon and the traditions of coffee and cafe in Europe and Bulgaria - one of the many borrowings of Europe from the Orient. The cafe is one of the characteristic components of the city and European civilization. In the second half of the 18th century, the real rise of these establishments began, which is explained by its multifaceted functions.

Viennese vase painted in Dresden (architectural, artistic, stylistic, morphological and structural features)

The article examines the architectural, artistic, stylistic, morphological and structural features of an old porcelain vase from a private Odessa collection. The unpainted vase was made in 1860s at Vienna Porcelain Manufactory. This vase was painted in Helena Wolfsohn’s studio in Dresden between 1864 and 1878 (?). Helena Wolfsohn lived and worked in a significant center of European civilization, culture and arts of her time. The images are painted on the vase using the technique of manual overglaze painting. Amazingly arranged bouquets of flowers are painted on the turquoise background of the oval-shaped body of the vase, and gallant scenes in the Watteau style are depicted on the white parts of the body. On the bottom of the vase base an underglaze blue mark is applied: a shield. The painting of the vase is notable for a vivid pictorial effect, a successful composition, harmony and restraint of color shades. Similar vases painted at Helena Wolfsohn’s studio were exhibited at the International Exhibition in Sydney (1879) and at the World Exhibition in Melbourne (1880). Decorative porcelain vases play an important role in creating the architectural and artistic ensemble of the interior, whose main compositional principle is architectonics.

Al-Tasrif li man ‘Ajiza ‘an al-Ta’lif oleh al-Zahrawi: Manfaatnya dalam Perkembangan Bidang Perubatan di Eropah

Al-Zahrawi was an illustrious figure in medicine. He not only contributed to the Islamic civilization, but is highly regarded as a genius who had an enormous influence, generally, in the field of medicine and, particularly, in surgery in Europe. His influence continued into the Renaissance age and the modern age. Renaissance was the age of European civilization from about the 14th Century to 17th Century AD which is said to be a period of ‘rebirth’ of arts, architecture, culture, politics, economics and knowledge. This influence is associated with his work, namely, al-Tasrif li man ‘Ajiza ‘an al-Ta’lif, which contains descriptions and illustrations of more than 200 surgical instruments and surgical procedures which he pioneered and that revolutionized the field of surgery. This study aims to analyze Europe’s efforts in utilizing al-Zahrawi’s landmark 30-volume encyclopedic work in developing the field of medicine. This research is qualitative with a historical approach. Data were collected using content analysis method, while data analysis was done descriptively. The results show that Europe used three methods to benefit from al-Zahrawi’s work in developing the field of medicine in European civilization. The first method was translation of al-Tasrif li man ‘Ajiza ‘an al-Ta’lif into various European languages. This initiative lasted almost 800 years. The second method was using al-Tasrif li man ‘Ajiza ‘an al-Ta’lif as reference material in medical schools in Europe. And the third method was to make al-Tasrif li man ‘Ajiza ‘an al-Ta’lif as reference material in writings of medical experts.

“Two sides of Russian life and progress”: the image of Moscow and St. Petersburg at the turn of the 19-20th centuries in the English-language travelogues

The article is devoted to the problem of images of the Russian Empire’s capitals at the turn of the 19-20th centuries in the European and American travelogues. The paper analyzes the main elements of foreigners’ ideas about Moscow and St. Petersburg and their influence on the image of Russia and Russians in general. Foreign tourists explained the cultural contrast between Russian capitals through the East-West dichotomy and concluded that the «barbaric» character of Russians was hidden behind the screen of European «civilization» created by the rulers.

Basic philosophical ideas associated with the Sabbath

The basic ideas of Judaism are present throughout the year during important Jewish holidays. However, some of these festive motives repeat much more often - even every seven days on the Sabbath holiday. Shabbat integrates a theological, historical and educational dimension. Shabbat is also a fundamental expression of the philosophical principles of Jewish culture, which became the basis for European civilization. The celebration of this holiday is a reminder of the history of salvation, of covenant and commitment, but also of the joy that comes from God as a chosen one. The most important motives that appear in the celebration of the Sabbath and to which we pay attention are: creation (Rash Hashana), deliverance (Passau), covenants with God (Shavuot), upbringing and education of people who live near their God (Sukot) with an emphasis on social justice, peace and life.

HINDU MARRIAGE: A SAGA OF JOURNEY FROM ANCIENT TO MODERN INDIA

Hindu marriage not only has been a union of two families but also considered as one of the sanskars. However, it is observed that though the customs and traditions of ancient India remained static till modern times, there were no legal systems except a few molded and altered customs and usages till the emergence of British rule. European civilization also impacted on the Indians after the establishment of the British rule in India and create a few ripples on the otherwise calm sea of Hindu Law. This paper discusses about the concept of Hindu marriage since the ancient times and further elaborate important amendments took place in Hindu Marriage Laws after independence

Mircea Eliade et l’herméneutique psycho-historique

"Mircea Eliade and Psycho-Historical Methodology. Starting from Thomas Kuhn’s seminal work on scientific paradigms, the venerable concept of Weltanschauung (world-vision) can be upgraded in order to reach a psycho-historical understanding of cultural evolutions. In this paper I intend to adapt to contemporary cultural hermeneutics a schema proposed by Nietzsche and developed by Freudian and Jungian psychoanalysis. In this model, the relations between the individual consciousness and the unconscious offer the blueprint for describing the dynamics of the collective psyche. The model states that, when a culture (religion, etc.) has been overruled by a new dominant culture (religion), it remains active by way of survivals and reminiscences (Aby Warburg, Walter Benjamin) and eventually, after a period of persecution and censorship, it will re-emerge in a new form, transformed by the general principles of the dominant culture but nevertheless contesting and challenging it. I will attempt to show that such a psychohistorical dialectic has occurred six successive times in the history of European civilization. Keywords: psycho-history, Mircea Eliade, remerging cultures, European civilization, history of religions "