Sistem Pengatur Tegangan Otomatis : Analisa Peralihan Dengan Pengendali Tunggal Dan Kaskade

This journal describes the design and analysis of the response of a single controller and cascade direct current type of Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) system. The direct current AVR system is represented form of a transfer function. For single and cascade controllers, it is designed using a parallel architecture using MATLAB software with predetermined design criteria. The types of controllers used consist of Proportional Differential (PD), Proportional Integral (PI), Proportional Integral Differential (PID), Proportional Differential with First Order Filters in the Differential Section (PDF) and Proportional Integral Differentials with First Order Filters in the Differential Section(PIDF). For the transition analysis, the observed parameters consist of rise time, peak time, steady state time, maximum pass value and peak value. The results of the analysis show that the controllers that meet the design criteria are Proportional Differential (PD) controllers and Proportional Differential controllers with First Order Filters in Differential Sections (PDF) for single controllers and cascade controllers. For a single controller, the value of the Proportional constant (Kp) is 0.6280 and the value of the Differential constant (KD) is 0.1710 for the Proportional Differential (PD) controller. Proportional constant value (Kp) is 0.6130, Differential constant value (KD) is 0.1710 and filter constant value (Tf) is 0.0009 for Proportional Differential controller with First Order Filter in Differential Section (PDF). Cascade controllers and Proportional Differential (PD) controllers, the Proportional constant (Kp) is 1.7300 and the Differential constant (KD) is 0.0242 for the inner circle (C2). Outer ring controller (C1), the proportional constant (Kp) is 179,000 and the Differential constant (KD) is 2.4600. Cascade controllers and Proportional Differential controller types with First Order Filters in the Differential Section (PDF), the Proportional constant (Kp) value is 1.5900, the Differential constant (KD) value is 0.0246, the filter constant value (Tf) is 0.0018 for the inner circumference (C2 ). For the outer ring controller (C1), the Proportional constant (Kp) value is 134,0000, the Differential constant (KD) value is 2.2900 and the filter constant value (Tf) is 0.00008.

A robust control design approach for altitude control and trajectory tracking of a quadrotor

Introduction. Unmanned aerial vehicles as quadcopters, twin rotors, fixed-wing crafts, and helicopters are being used in many applications these days. Control approaches applied on the quadrotor after decoupling the model or separate altitude control and trajectory tracking have been reported in the literature. A robust linear H∞ controller has been designed for both altitude control and circular trajectory tracking at the desired altitude. Problem. The ability of the quadrotor system to hover at a certain height and track any desired trajectory makes their use in many industrial applications in both military and civil applications. Once a controller has been designed, it may not be able to maintain the desired performance in practical scenarios, i.e. in presence of wind gusts. Originality. This work presents the control strategy to ensure both altitude control and trajectory tracking using a single controller. Purpose. However, there is a need for a single controller that ensures both altitude control and trajectory tracking. Novelty. This paper presents a robust H∞ control for altitude control and trajectory tracking for a six degree of freedom of unmanned aerial vehicles quadrotor. Methodology. Multi input multi output robust H∞ controller has been proposed for the quadrotor for altitude control and tracking the desired reference. For the controller validation, a simulation environment is developed in which a 3D trajectory is tracked by the proposed control methodology. Results. Simulation results depict that the controller is efficient enough to achieve the desired objective at minimal control efforts. Practical value. To verify that the proposed approach is able to ensure stability, altitude control, and trajectory tracking under practical situations, the performance of the proposed control is tested in presence of wind gusts. The ability of the controller to cater to the disturbances within fractions of seconds and maintaining both transient and steady-state performance proves the effectiveness of the controller.

PETRI NETS MODELING FOR SDN TOPOLOGIES

The article examines some new algorithms and focuses mainly on suggesting new working topologies for software-defined controllers in order to ensure SDN security and to prevent the occurrence of a potential central point of failure (SPOF) by overcoming the centralization problem. This is a positive feature of the SDN structure, but could also be a threat, caused by the use of several controllers in different working topologies. This article focuses on exactly one of the suggested topologies, which features and models based on the Petri Nets system. The usual topology of a single controller is compared to verify the advantages and privileges of the proposed serial topology over the existing one. The paper tries to obtain a formula from the modeling of the serial topology and its advantages over the usual topology and that formula will be used to measure the level of security or the defense capacity of the network defined by the software against cyber attacks; in particular, denial of service attacks / distributed denial of service attacks / DDoS.

Designing of Hybrid Integrated Constrained PSO Algorithm for Two Converters in Solar PV System

The use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy can be extended to include residential and transportation applications due to environmental benefits. The main objective of this paper the solar energy system will be equipped with two type of converters DC/DC and DC/AC. The DC/DC boost converter is generally driven by the MPPT technique. We need to design a single controller for both the converters that would meet the power requirements and enhance its efficiency. To enhance the active power output by utilizing the designed controller for both the converters. The power enhancement would be done by utilizing a hybrid integrated constrained particle swarm optimization technique that is also modified to meet the MPPT requirements of the solar energy system. the result of The single controller has resulted in the following key improvements. The algorithm was first incorporated with the MPPT algorithm for the boost converter which has improved the DC voltage profile from 500 V to 595 V. The active power output from the system has enhanced to 113KW from 100Kw which is also stable as compared to the system having dual controllers for the converters. The PSO algorithm is so constrained in a manner such that the output voltage and current distortion has also reduced. The voltage output distortion level from the hybrid constrained PSO controllers was found to be 0.20% which is less than 0.26% of the system having dual controllers Also the THD level in the current output from the hybrid PSO integrated algorithm was reduced to 0.16% from 3.36% in the solar PV system modeled with dual controllers.

A Novel DDoS Attack-aware Smart Backup Controller Placement in SDN Design

Security issues like Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are becoming the main threat for Software-Defined Networking (SDN). Controller placement is a fundamental factor in the design and planning of SDN infrastructure. The controller could be seen as a single dot of failure for the whole SDN and it's the alluring point for DDoS attack. Single controller placement implies a single point of SDN control. So, there is a very high chance to fail the entire network topology as the controller associated with all switches. As a result, legitimate clients won't have the capacity to use SDN services. This is the reason why the controller is the suitable center dot of attack for the aggressor. To protect SDN from this type of single purpose of failure, it is essential to place multiple smart backup controllers to guarantee the SDN operation. In this paper, we propose a novel Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model to optimize the security issue by placing powerful smart backup controller. Result obtained from the simulation shows that our proposed novel ILP model can suggest single or multiple smart backup controller placement to support several ordinary victim controllers which has the capacity to save the cost of multiple ordinary controllers by sharing link, maximum new flows per second of controller and port, etc.

Decompositions for MPC of Linear Dynamic Systems with Activation Constraints

The interconnection of dynamic subsystems that share limited resources are found in many applications, and the control of such systems of subsystems has fueled significant attention from scientists and engineers. For the operation of such systems, model predictive control (MPC) has become a popular technique, arguably for its ability to deal with complex dynamics and system constraints. The MPC algorithms found in the literature are mostly centralized, with a single controller receiving the signals and performing the computations of output signals. However, the distributed structure of such interconnected subsystems is not necessarily explored by standard MPC. To this end, this work proposes hierarchical decomposition to split the computations between a master problem (centralized component) and a set of decoupled subproblems (distributed components) with activation constraints, which brings about organizational flexibility and distributed computation. Two general methods are considered for hierarchical control and optimization, namely Benders decomposition and outer approximation. Results are reported from a numerical analysis of the decompositions and a simulated application to energy management, in which a limited source of energy is distributed among batteries of electric vehicles.