Extraction of Essential Oil Form Sweet Lime Orange Peel: A Comparison Study

This research work was designed to extract essential oil from sweet lime peel (solid waste). The feed material selected for study is sweet lime peel. The disposal of waste product such as peels often has a legal restriction problem and treatment process involved requires higher costs. Transformation of this waste in to useful products could cut global treatment costs. Hence the objective of our experimental work was to convert sweet lime peel in to essential oil which is in huge demand in food, pharma and cosmetic industry. In our experimental work eextraction of essential oil was evaluated and comparison study was made between steam distillation, hydro-distillation, solvent extraction and hydro-steam distillation. Maximum extraction yield of 2.4 % was achieved at 90 min of contact by hydro-distillation. Hydro-distillation method offers advantages in comparison with other three methods in terms of energy saving, cleanliness and reduced waste water. Chemical constituents of essential oil samples were evaluated in terms of qualitative and quantitative analyses by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and physical techniques. The chemical profile includes thirty two components which were identified in the extracts by Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. The dominant component identified was limonene (65 .2 to 72.8%).

Control effectiveness of APL formulation against dengue- and Zika-transmitting Aedes mosquitoes in Gia Lai province, Vietnam

Background: Dengue fever and Zika are two of the Aedes-borne diseases. Despite being widely used, synthetic mosquitocides become abortive for the mosquito control due to growing resistance and environmental pollution. In Gia Lai province (dengue-endemic area), a huge amount of cashew nut shell waste with roughly 100,000 tons/year has been disposed of into the environment, potentiating a high risk of pollution. Methodology/Principal findings: To utilize it, anacardic acid was extracted and combined it with ethanol extract of the local lime peel, which contains limonene, to generate APL formulation. APL robustly exhibited inhibition of egg hatching, larvicidal effect, and repellent effect against female mosquitoes from oviposition sites in the laboratory and field. The results showed that, at a dose of 12.5 ppm, the APL formulation after 24 hours of treatment demonstrated oviposition deterrence against Ae. aegypti (43.6%) and Ae. albopictus (59.6%); inhibited egg hatching of Ae. aegypti (49.6%) and Ae. albopictus (59.6%); caused larval lethality in Ae. aegypti (LC 50 = 9.5 ppm, LC 90 = 21 ppm) and Ae. albopictus (LC 50 = 7.6 ppm, LC 90 = 18 ppm). Under natural field conditions, it showed a 100% reduction in larval density after 48 and 72 hours of the APL treatment at a tested concentration of 120 mg a.i./m 2 and maintained a mortality rate of 100% in the next 14 days. Conclusions/Significance: The APL formulation is promisingly to become an environmentally friendly and highly effective biological product for future management programs of dengue and Zika-transmitting vectors. Here offer prospects in controlling critical illnesses transmitted by several mosquito species in dengue-endemic areas.

Uji Aktivitas Antikolesterol Partisi N-Heksana, Metanol Dan Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Jeruk Nipis (Citrus Aurantiifolia) Secara In Vitro

Cholesterol is an important sterol in human body tissue which belongs to the lipid group but cannot be hydrolyzed. Cholesterol has various uses in the body such as forming steroid hormones in the hormones estrogen and progesterone. However, if cholesterol levels in the blood are too high, it can cause blockage of blood flow which can lead to atherosclerosis. Lime contains secondary metabolites that function to reduce the increase in cholesterol levels in the blood. The purpose of this study was to determine the anticholesterol activity and to determine the EC₅₀ value of partition n-hexane, methanol, ethanol extract of lime peel (Citrus aurantiifolia) in vitro. Analysis of cholesterol activity is known by measuring cholesterol levels in vitro using Lieberman Burchard reagent. The analytical method used UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 665.0 nm with a series of test sample concentrations of 150 µg/ml; 300 µg/ml; 450 µg/ml; 600 µg/ml and 750 µg/ml. The research data shows that the decrease in cholesterol levels is directly proportional to the increase in the concentration in the sample. The EC₅₀ value of the n-hexane partition was 448.76 µg/ml; methanol partition as much as 448.98 µg/ml and ethanol extract as much as 450.18 µg/ml.Keywords: Anticholesterol; in vitro; lime peel; partition. AbstrakKolesterol merupakan sterol yang penting dalam jaringan tubuh manusia yang termasuk pada golongan lipid tetapi tidak dapat terhidrolisis. Kolesterol memiliki berbagai kegunaan dalam tubuh seperti pembentuk hormon-hormon steroid pada hormon esterogen dan progrsteron. Namun, jika kadar kolesterol dalam darah terlalu tinggi maka dapat menyebabkan penyumbatan aliran darah yang dapat mengakibatkan penyakit Aterosklerosis. Jeruk nipis memiliki kandungan metabolit sekunder yang berfungsi untuk mengurangi kenaikan kadar kolesterol dalam darah. Tujuan pada penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui aktivitas antikolesterol dan mengetahui nilai EC₅₀ dari partisi n-heksana, metanol, ekstrak etanol kulit jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantiifolia) secara in vitro. Analisis aktivitas kolesterol diketahui dengan mengukur kadar kolesterol secara in vitro menggunakan pereaksi Lieberman Burchard. Metode analisis menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 665,0 nm dengan seri konsentrasi sampel uji 150 µg/ml; 300 µg/ml; 450 µg/ml; 600 µg/ml dan 750 µg/ml. Data penelitian menunjukkan penurunan kadar kolesterol berbanding lurus dengan peningkatan konsentrasi pada sampel. Nilai EC₅₀ partisi n-heksana sebanyak 448,76 µg/ml; partisi metanol sebanyak 448,98 µg/ml dan ekstrak etanol sebanyak 450,18 µg/ml. Kata kunci: Antikolesterol; in vitro; kulit jeruk nipis; partisi.

EFEKTIVITAS PESTISIDA ORGANIK EKSTRAK KULIT JERUK NIPIS TERHADAP KEMATIAN JANGKRIK

Pestisida organik adalah pestisida yang bahan dasarnya berasal dari tumbuhan yang bersifat mudah terurai di alam. Salah satu tumbuhan yang dapat dijadikan bahan baku pembuatan pestisida organik adalah kulit jeruk nipis. Kulit jeruk dapat berpotensi menjadi repellent karena mengandung minyak atsiri dengan komponen limonene, mirsen, linalool, oktanal, decanal, sitronelol, neral, geraniol, valensen dan sinensial. Linalool, sitronelol dan geraniol termasuk senyawa yang bersifat repellent terhadap serangga (arthropoda). Pengunaan bahan alami dari ekstrak kulit jeruk diharapkan lebih aman jika dibandingkan dengan bahan kimia Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT). Proses pembuatan pestisida organik dilakukan dengan ekstraksi maserasi menggunakan ethanol sebagai pelarut. Dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variabel terhadap hasil pengujian pestisida organic terhadap jangkrik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada konsentrasi pestisida organic 5% didapatkan prosentase kematian jangkrik 72%, pada konsentrasi 15% didapatkan prosen kematian jangkrik 80%, dan pada konsentrasi 25% didapatkan prosen kematian jangkrik 88%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya pengaruh terhadap perbedaan konsentrasi pestisida organic terhadap kematian jangkrik. Kata kunci: jeruk nipis, maserasi, pestisida organik AbstractOrganic pesticides are pesticides whose basic ingredients come from plants that are easily biodegradable in nature. One of the plants that can be used as raw material for making organic pesticides is lime peel. Orange peel can potentially be a repellent because it contains essential oils with components of limonene, mirsen, linalool, octanal, decanal, citronellol, neral, geraniol, valensen and sinensial. Linalool, citronellol and geraniol are compounds that are repellent to insects (arthropoda). The use of natural ingredients from orange peel extract is expected to be safer when compared to the chemical Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT). The process of making organic pesticides is done by maceration extraction using ethanol as a solvent. This study aims to determine the effect of variables on the results of testing organic pesticides on crickets. The results showed that at 5% organic pesticide concentration, 72% of crickets died, at 15%, 80% of crickets died, and at 25%, 88% of crickets died. The results showed that there was an effect on differences in the concentration of organic pesticides on the mortality of crickets.. Keywords: lime, maceration, organic pesticide

Antioxidant Activity of Non-Volatile Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) Extract

The paper reports the antioxidant activity of a non-volatile fraction of lime processing byproducts from the lime syrup home industry. The activity was measured by spectrophotometry to obtain the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) using the 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The sample was extracted by the maceration method with n-hexane, ethyl-acetate, and ethyl-ethanol. The IC50 values of 681 ppm, 458 ppm, and 2,775 ppm were n-hexane, ethyl-acetate, and ethyl-ethanol. The experiments concluded that the ethyl-acetate extract provides the best inhibition value to scavenge free-radicals DPPH. The HPLC and mass spectroscopy were measured to find out the content and group of active compounds. The significant compounds consisted of naringin, poncirin, or neoponcirin, which are known as antioxidant substances. The result shows the potential application of the lime by-products, its volatile fraction, and the nonvolatile fraction, which is the production residue of lime peel. This work can be applied as an alternative to zero-waste lime production, which may benefit the industry and the environment.

Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) terhadap bakteri Prevotella intermediaAntibacterial activity of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) peel extract towards Prevotella intermedia

Pendahuluan: Prevotella intermedia merupakan salah satu bakteri utama pada penyakit periimplantitis. Periimplantitis merupakan inflamasi jaringan lunak dan keras disekitar implan yang dapat dicegah menggunakan ekstrak tanaman antibakteri. Salah satunya yaitu kulit jeruk nipis, yang dapat menghambat proses inflamasi karena mengandung alkaloid, steroid, saponin, flavonoid, tanin sebagai senyawa antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peranan antibakteri kulit jeruk nipis dengan mengukur Konsentrasi Hambat Minimal (KHM) dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimal (KBM) ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Prevotella intermedia. Metode: Eksperimental laboratorium dengan rancangan penelitian post test only control group design. Pengujian KHM dan KBM dilakukan dengan metode dilusi, kulit jeruk nipis dimaserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70% sehingga didapatkan ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis dengan konsentrasi 0,78, 1,56, 3,125, 6,25, 12,5, 25, 50, dan 100% dengan chlorhexidine sebagai kontrol positif dan akuades sebagai kontrol negatif. Media kultur bakteri menggunakan Tripton Soya Agar. Hasil: Berdasarkan analisis statistik menggunakan Kruskal Wallis menunjukkan perbedaan penurunan jumlah koloni bakteri yang signifikan (p=0,0001) pada KBM dan KHM dari berbagai konsentrasi ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Prevotella intermedia, uji lanjutan Mann Whitney menunjukkan perbedaan penurunan jumlah koloni bakteri yang signifikan (p=0,021) antar masing-masing konsentrasi dan kelompok kontrol. Simpulan: Konsentrasi hambat minimal ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis terhadap bakteri Prevotella intermedia 12,5%, konsentrasi bunuh minimalnya 25%. Kata kunci: agen antibakteri; ekstrak jeruk nipis; Prevotella intermediaABSTRACTIntroduction: Prevotella intermedia is one of the main bacteria in periimplantitis. Periimplantitis is inflammation of the soft and hard tissues around the implant that can be prevented using antibacterial plant extracts. One of them is lime peel, which can inhibit the inflammatory process due to its alkaloids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins as antibacterial compounds. This study was aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of lime peel by measuring the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of lime peel extract on the growth of Prevotella intermedia. Methods: Experimental laboratory with post-test only control group design. The MIC and MBC tests were performed by the dilution method. The lime peel was macerated using 70% ethanol solvent to obtain lime peel extract with concentrations of 0.78, 1.56, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100% with chlorhexidine as a positive control and aquadest as a negative control. Bacterial culture media using Tripton Soy Agar. Results: Based on statistical analysis using Kruskal Wallis showed a significant difference in the decrease of the number of bacterial colonies (p=0.0001) in MBC and MIC from various concentrations of lime peel extract on the growth of Prevotella intermedia bacteria. Furthermore, the Mann Whitney follow-up test showed differences in the decrease of the number of bacterial colonies, which was significant (p=0.021) between each concentration and control group. Conclusions: The minimum inhibitory concentration of lime peel extract towards the growth of Prevotella intermedia was 12.5%, with the minimum bactericidal concentration of 25%. Keywords: antibacterial agent; citrus extracts; Prevotella intermedia

Isolasi Senyawa Kumarin pada Tanaman

Indonesia is a country rich in biodiversity. Of several plants that can be used as alternative medicine to treat disease. The efficacy of plants as medicine in health is related to plants having chemical compounds which are the result of secondary metabolites contained in these plants. One of the secondary metabolites in plants is coumarin. Coumarins can be found in almost all plants from roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruit. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify coumarin compounds contained in these plants. In the process of isolating coumarin compounds that can be done by several methods including extraction, phytochemical screening, fractionation, isolation of coumarins and identification of isolates. Plants containing coumarin compounds that were used in the isolation of coumarins that we reviewed were sundai lime peel (Citrus nobilis Lour), rambutan fruit seeds (Nephelium lappaceum L), water henna leaves (Impatiens Balsemina Linn), harp bark (Sandoricum koetjape) and Artemisia annua L.

Anti-hyperlipidemic effects of citrus fruit peel extracts against high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats

The effects of extracts of orange, , lime, citron and sour orange fruit peels (250 and 500 mg kg-1, i.p) were tested in high fat diet-fed rats. The extracts of lime and sour orange peels (250 and 500 mg kg-1, i.p) showed potent effects, as evident by the decreases in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL-C, and VLDL-C, in addition to the increases in HDL-C levels. Besides, lime and sour orange peels (250 and 500 mg kg-1) extract significantly decreased LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, while lime, sour orange and peel extracts markedly decreased index. Remarkably, lime peel extract followed by sour orange and orange at 500 mg kg-1 improved hepatic architecture to near normal with less deposition of fat globules and fewer. Altogether, lime and sour orange peel extracts were found to be effective against parameters such as TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios, and index, in addition to the increased levels of HDL-C. Thus, lime and sour orange peel extracts could be natural supplement in the management of and associated diseases.