La deuda de intereses en el derecho de la navegación marítima y aérea. / Interest debt in the law of maritime and air navigation

En la primera parte: la ley de la navegación (20.094), nos referimos a los intereses del crédito naval, comenzando por el orden de los privilegios en el crédito naval, analizando los privilegios marítimos y la ley de concursos, así como los privilegios marítimos y el código civil y comercial. Luego señalamos que, como un rasgo atípico de los privilegios navales, comparados con el resto de los establecidos en el ordenamiento jurídico argentino, los intereses debidos por un (1) año gozan del mismo grado de privilegio que el capital (art. 474). Revisamos los privilegios sobre el buque, y destacamos cuáles son los créditos privilegiados. Pasamos luego revista a los intereses en la hipoteca naval, estudiando el contenido del instrumento de constitución de hipoteca. a continuación, nos detenemos en la determinación de la tasa de interés, para seguir con el embargo de buques, analizando lo que se refiere al buque con bandera nacional, donde señalamos que el embargo abarcará el importe de los intereses y la fianza. Tratamos luego el concurso especial de acreedores sobre un buque. En la segunda parte nos referimos al código aeronáutico, comenzando por la hipoteca aeronáutica, y siguiendo por los intereses, conforme al art. 767 del CCCN. ABSTRACT: In the first part: the law of navigation (20.094), we refer to the interests of the naval credit, starting with the order of privileges in the naval credit, analyzing the maritime privileges and the law of competitions, as well as maritime liens and the civil and commercial code. We then point out that, as an atypical feature of naval privileges, compared with the rest of those established in the argentine legal system, the interests due for one (1) year enjoy the same degree of privilege as capital (art. 474). We review the privileges on the ship, and highlight which are the privileged credits. we then review the interests in the naval mortgage, studying the content of the instrument of constitution of mortgage. Then we stop in the determination of the interest rate, to continue with the arrest of ships, analyzing what refers to the ship with national flag, where we point out that the arrest will cover the amount of the interest and the bond. We then discussed the special arrangement of creditors on a ship. In the second part we refer to the aeronautical code, starting with the aeronautical mortgage, and continuing with the interests, according to art. 767 of the CCCN.

Draft Genome Sequences of 284 Xanthomonas citri pv. citri Strains Causing Asiatic Citrus Canker

ABSTRACT High-quality Illumina assemblies were produced from 284 Xanthomonas citri pv. citri pathotype A strains mostly originating from the Southwest Indian Ocean region, a subset of which was also sequenced using MinION technology. Some strains hosted chromosomally encoded transcription activator-like effector (TALE) genes, an atypical feature for this bacterium.

A pair of effectors encoded on a conditionally dispensable chromosome of Fusarium oxysporum suppress host-specific immunity

Many plant pathogenic fungi contain conditionally dispensable (CD) chromosomes that are associated with virulence, but not growth in vitro. Virulence-associated CD chromosomes carry genes encoding effectors and/or host-specific toxin biosynthesis enzymes that may contribute significantly to determining host specificity. Fusarium oxysporum causes devastating diseases of more than 100 plant species. Among a large number of host-specific forms, F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Focn) can infect Brassicaceae plants including Arabidopsis and cabbage. Here we show that Focn has multiple CD chromosomes involved in virulence but also in vegetative growth, which is an atypical feature of CD chromosomes. We identified specific CD chromosomes that are required for virulence on Arabidopsis, cabbage, or both, and describe a pair of effectors encoded on one of the CD chromosomes that is required for suppression of Arabidopsis-specific phytoalexin-based immunity. The effector pair is highly conserved in F. oxysporum isolates capable of infecting Arabidopsis, but not of other plants. This study provides insight into how host specificity of F. oxysporum may be determined by a pair of effector genes on a transmissible CD chromosome.

Nine-segment laminectomy is safe for the resection of a schwannoma extending from C-2 to T-3: a rare case report

Cervical spine schwannoma, which is long and entirely intracanal, is rare to be found. Its rarity and atypical feature leads to difficulty in diagnosing and managing cases because of the scarcity of available literature. The surgical removal of this type of schwannomas via multisegment laminectomy is a great challenge because of various risks of postoperative complications. This report describes cervical spine schwannoma that was initially was not suspected as schwannoma and was subject to surgical removal via nine-segment laminectomy. In one year after surgery, motor function returned to normal strength, no new neurological deficits occurred, and no kyphotic deformity, which is a common complication of multisegment laminectomy.

Feature Selection of Non-Dermoscopic Skin Lesion Images for Nevus and Melanoma Classification

(1) Background: In this research, we aimed to identify and validate a set of relevant features to distinguish between benign nevi and melanoma lesions. (2) Methods: Two datasets with 70 melanomas and 100 nevi were investigated. The first one contained raw images. The second dataset contained images preprocessed for noise removal and uneven illumination reduction. Further, the images belonging to both datasets were segmented, followed by extracting features considered in terms of form/shape and color such as asymmetry, eccentricity, circularity, asymmetry of color distribution, quadrant asymmetry, fast Fourier transform (FFT) normalization amplitude, and 6th and 7th Hu’s moments. The FFT normalization amplitude is an atypical feature that is computed as a Fourier transform descriptor and focuses on geometric signatures of skin lesions using the frequency domain information. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC) were employed to ascertain the relevance of the selected features and their capability to differentiate between nevi and melanoma. (3) Results: The ROC curves and AUC were employed for all experiments and selected features. A comparison in terms of the accuracy and AUC was performed, and an evaluation of the performance of the analyzed features was carried out. (4) Conclusions: The asymmetry index and eccentricity, together with F6 Hu’s invariant moment, were fairly competent in providing a good separation between malignant melanoma and benign lesions. Also, the FFT normalization amplitude feature should be exploited due to showing potential in classification.

MON-599 Post-Bariatric Hypoglycemia: A Clinical Vignette on an Increasingly Recognized Disease

Introduction: Previously referred to as late dumping syndrome, post-bariatric hypoglycemia (PBH) is thought to represent at least 1% of all hospitalizations for hypoglycemia and 10% of all clinically recognized hypoglycemia cases. However, through the advent of CGM and more strict criteria over the last decade these numbers are likely an underestimate. As obesity continues to remain prevalent and with rising bariatric centers to help deal with this epidemic, endocrinologists will play an increasing role in managing PBH patients. Clinical Case: A 39-year female with a PMH of hypothyroidism and bariatric surgery (BS) in 2009 presented to our ER for a seizure. She has been having seizures nearly every 2 weeks for one year. Neurology started her on Keppra; however, no etiology was identified. EMS had documented a blood glucose of 40 mg/dL; the patient was given an amp of D50 with resolution of neuroglycopenic symptoms. TSH and cortisol levels were within normal range. A sulfonylurea panel in the ED was negative. The patient states the symptoms can occur while fasting but also mainly post-prandial. A 72-hr fast was conducted with the patient nadir POC glucose of 77. Subsequently, the patient had a mixed meal tolerance performed and after 2 hours had a seizure and was found to have a BG of 50 mg/dL with an insulin level of 49 uIU/mL and a c-peptide of 18.8 ng/mL. The patient was diagnosed with PBH, and was discharged with a CGM, started on acarbose and was seen by nutrition to discuss dietary modifications. She is now seen in our clinic with control of her symptoms with the addition of diazoxide. Conclusion: Altered anatomy after bariatric surgery, particularly after gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy is thought to play a major role in developing PBH. By bypassing normal anatomy, gastric emptying is increased 2–3 x, which leads to a higher and more rapid appearance of glucose in the distal foregut. This subsequently leads to an amplified incretin response leading to a hyperinsulinemic response in patients who have had bariatric surgery; however, for unclear reasons some patients develop an even more amplified hyperinsulinemic response that leads to subsequent hypoglycemia. History of neuroglycopenic symptoms 1–3 hours after eating in a patient who had a gastric bypass > 6–12 months and with relief of symptoms with carbohydrates should raise an endocrinologist’s suspicion of PBH. Fasting hypoglycemia is an atypical feature that should raise one’s suspicion of a broader differential. Altered nutrition habits is the cornerstone of therapy with which the primary aim is to reduce post-prandial glucose spikes in these patients after they eat carbohydrates. These spikes in turn lead to hyperinsulinism leading to subsequent hypoglycemia. Primary diet modifications include controlled carbohydrate consumption of less than 30g per meal, avoiding high glycemic carbs, and always taking in ample fat and proteins with every meal.

Expanded Prader-Willi Syndrome due to an Unbalanced de novo Translocation t(14;15): Report and Review of the Literature

In the present study, we report a case of a female infant with a de novo unbalanced t(14;15) translocation resulting in a 14-Mb deletion of the 15q11.1q14 region. The deletion includes the 15q11.2q13 Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) critical region, while no known deleted genes are found in the 14qter region. According to literature review, patients with similar or larger deletions in the 15q region exhibit an expanded phenotype of PWS with case-specific atypical features such as severe retardation, absence of speech, microcephaly, retrognathia, bifid uvula, ear malformations, and heart defects in addition to typical features of PWS. Our proband exhibited increased deep tendon reflexes, an atypical feature which is not reported in the reviewed literature. The severity of the phenotype is not directly associated with the size of the deletion; however, using a combination of methods, the identification of breakpoints and the deleted genes can be helpful for the prognostication in patients with atypical PWS deletions.

Diagnosis of sporadic neurofibromatosis type 2 in the paediatric population

ObjectiveOnset of symptoms in severe sporadic neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is typically within childhood; however, there is poor awareness of presenting features in young children, potentially resulting in delayed diagnosis and poorer outcome. We have reviewed presentation of sporadic paediatric NF2 to raise awareness of early features, highlighting those requiring further investigation.DesignPatients diagnosed with NF2 at age ≤16 and seen between 2012 and 2015 were notified via the British Paediatric Neurology Surveillance Unit or identified through the English NF2 service.ResultsEpidemiological data estimate that 1 in 110 611 births are affected with childhood-onset NF2. Notes of 32 patients with sporadic NF2 were reviewed. Of those presenting under the age of 5, 89% (17/19) had ocular, 74% (14/19) dermatological and 58% (11/19) neurological signs; in 84% (16/19) features were multisystemic. Sixty-six per cent (21/32) had ≥1 atypical feature, including cerebellar hypoplasia in three cases (9%) and focal cortical dysplasia in five out of seven seizure-related presentations. Five cases presented with a sometimes transient or intermittent cranial nerve mononeuropathy. The mean delay to diagnosis was 3.16 years; in eight cases (25%) this exceeded 6 years. Most significant delay occurred in mononeuropathy, ophthalmological and/or seizure presentations, with a mean delay of 3, 4.5 and 6 years, respectively. Eighty-four per cent (27/32) of cases needed intervention in childhood.ConclusionsAll non-vestibular schwannoma NF2 presentations in childhood had significant diagnostic delay. We emphasise the importance of detailed assessment of skin and eyes in unusual presentations and propose an aide to prompt timely referral to specialist services.