Experimental Study on Light Weight Concrete Using Coconut Shell and Fly Ash

Aggregates provide volume at low cost, comprising 66% to 78% of the concrete. With increasing concern over the excessive exploitation of natural and quality aggregates, the aggregate produced from industrial wastes and agricultural wastes is the viable new source for building material. This study was carried out to determine the possibilities of using coconut shells as aggregate in concrete. Utilizing coconut shells as aggregate in concrete production not only solves the problem of disposing of this solid waste but also helps conserve natural resources. In this paper, the physical properties of crushed coconut shell aggregate were presented. The fresh concrete properties such as the density and slump and 28 days compressive strength of lightweight concrete made with coconut shell as coarse aggregate were also presented. The findings indicate that water absorption of the coconut shell aggregate was high about 24% but crushing value and impact value were comparable to that of other lightweight aggregates. The average fresh concrete density and 28days cube compressive strength of the concrete using coconut shell aggregate 1975kg/m3 and 19.1 N/mm2 respectively. It is concluded that crushed coconut shell is suitable when it is used as a substitute for conventional aggregates in lightweight concrete production. Keywords: Coarse Aggregate, Cement, Concrete, Fly Ash, Coconut shell Aggregate, Water, Compressive Strength, Workability, Fine Aggregate.

Potensi Tempurung Kelapa Sebagai Pembangkit Listrik Dengan Menggunakan Termoelektrik Generator

Around 35% of the total utilization of coconuts at this time is still not fully utilized. Thermoelectric is a technology that converts heat energy directly into electrical energy or converts electrical energy into heating and cooling energy. Data retrieval using two multimeters and an electric thermometer, data collection was carried out for 2 minutes. From the test results, this tool can produce an average voltage of 10.05 Volt for 200gram coconut shells, an average current of 0.99 Ampere and an average power of 13.84 Watts and can fully charge the battery up to 3 hours 33 minutes, while for 300 grams produces an average voltage of 10.59 Volts for 300gram coconut shells, an average current of 0.995 Ampere and an average power of 13.56 Watts and the battery can be fully charged in about 3 hours 36 minutes, while a coconut shell weighing 400 grams can produces an average voltage of 10.94 Volts, an average current of 1 Ampere and an average power of 13.70 Watts and the battery can be fully charged in about 3 hours 30 minutes. The more coconut shells used for combustion, the hotter the temperature and the faster the voltage and current are obtained, but with a note that the maximum temperature limit of the thermoelectric is T not more than 200o C. Keywords: Coconut Shell, Thermoelectric, Electrical Energy.

DESIGN OF KEMPLANG CRACKERS DRYER USING TRAY DRYER BY UTILIZING BIOMASS ENERGY

The drying process on kemplang crackers is one of the factors that determine the quality of the resulting product. Conventional drying has many disadvantages, namely fluctuating heat and poor hygiene that will affect product quality. So that kemplang crackers can be stored for a long time, it is necessary to reduce the water content of kemplang crackers. Drying kemplang crackers can use a drying rack with a biomass energy source from coconut shells. This study aims to design a tray dryer with biomass energy to obtain dryer performance based on the drying rate and to obtain a product that meets SNI No. 8272-2016. The treatments that were varied were set point temperatures of 55oC, 60oC, 65oC, and 70oC with mass variations of 50 gr, 100 gr, and 150 gr. The results showed that the optimum drying conditions at 70oC for 4 hours with an air velocity of 5.2 m/s2 obtained 9,84% moisture content in 50 gr kemplang crackers, 15.39% in 100 gr crackers and 19,2 in kemplang crackers 150 gr and a drying rate of 0,035028 kg/hour m2. The drying process requires 5,24 kg of dried coconut shell to produce heat energy of 95.358,81024 KJ with a by-product in the form of liquid smoke.

Coconut shell traps: easiest and economic way to attract stingless bees (Tetragonula iridipennis) Smith

The trap occupancy rate and colony development parameters of swarms of stingless bee, Tetragonula iridipennis in coconut shell traps was studied in the research farm of ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (NBAIR) Bengaluru, Yelahanka campus Karnataka, India. The trap occupancy rate by the stingless bees was 44.87% in a time period of 13.40 ± 4.38 days. New cells were constructed by the bees in 12.10 ± 2.13 days. The number of honey and pollen pots filled was 15.60 ± 3.92 and 6.61 ± 2.95, respectively. The brood cells were constructed 89.50 ± 6.07 days after acceptance of the shell traps with an average of 67.70 ± 20.83 brood cells per trap. The foragers preferred foraging for nectar, resin and pollen during the 15, 30 and 45 days after acceptance of the coconut shells for nesting. Coconut shell traps are easiest and economic way of trapping the swarming population of stingless bees.

Synthesis and characterization of carbon dots from coconut shell by optimizing the hydrothermal carbonization process

Coconut shell is one of the major agro-by products vis-a-vis agro-waste generated by coconut processing units. At present, Coconut shells are largely utilized as feed material for thermal power conversion by various allied industrial sectors, which is a highly energy inefficient and ecologically unfriendly process. The present study aimed to generate activated carbon dots/ carbon nanomaterials with a wide range of potential applications through a relatively less energy dependant hydrothermal carbonization process. Hydrothermal carbonization is a one-step, simple, low cost and environmental friendly approach to obtain carbon dots. The findings demonstrate that coconut shells when subjected to hydrothermal carbonization process at 250ᵒC for 6 h produced uniform-sized, stable, negatively charged and amorphous forms of carbon dots. Characterization of carbon dots using High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), X- ray Diffractometer (XRD), UV- Visible Spectroscopy, Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Brunauer–Emmett-Teller (BET) Analyzer, Elemental Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzer and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) had conclusively confirmed the versatility of the carbon dots generation process and were able to achieve stable 2 nm-sized, spherical shaped carbon dots with numerous downstream applications. The study will help the conversion of agro-waste coconut shells into useful bio-based fluorescent carbon dots.

Review—Latest Trends and Advancement in Porous Carbon for Biowaste Organization and Utilization

Bio-derived activated porous carbon is readily used because it exhibits high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, high stability, environment-friendly nature, and easy availability. All of these properties make it a unique and a perfect applicant for energy storage devices. Biowastes such as corncobs, walnut shells, human hair, jute, oil seeds, and bamboo are utilized as precursors in manufacturing porous carbon. The use of bio materials is preferred because of their abundance and biodegradable nature. The production of porous carbon was carried out through pyrolysis with the help of acid, primarily KOH, as the active substance. The ambient temperature for conducting pyrolysis is 400-800oC. Pyrolysis can be either fast or slow, with fast pyrolysis being helpful in most experiments. Food wastes like peels and shells are among the most significant biowaste sources alongside farm waste like rice husks, coconut shells, etc., which are not just waste and can be utilized for sustainable living. The porous carbon is formed from food waste from toxicity reducer in wastewater to for a supercapacitor or a bio anode in a microbial fuel cell. It is oneway sustainable development and is now highly economical. Moreover, in scientific aspects, their validity in a field and lowered expenses in some cases, the benefits of their usage may vary. This paper aims to extensively review all of the research conducted for Bio-waste utilization and its conversion to porous carbon for further use in super capacitance applications

PEMANFAATAN BATOK KELAPA SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBUATAN BIO-INSTRUMEN MUSIK

<p>Bio-musical instruments can be defined as musical instruments made from plant wastes in the surrounding <br />environment. One of the plant waste that is easily found in the community is coconut shell. Coconut shells are <br />often overlooked for their use as a creative medium, especially in the field of music. Musical instruments are the <br />main media for creativity in the art of music. The rise of musical instruments or musical instruments with high <br />prices has become one of the inhibiting factors for young people to be creative in the field of music. Seeing this <br />phenomenon, it is deemed necessary to develop people's creativity in making their own musical instruments at <br />economical prices but still able to compete with manufactured musical instruments. In making this bio-<br />instrument, the method used consists of problem identification, preparation, application, and evaluation. <br />Through this method, the results obtained in the use of coconut shell waste into creative media are the Kalimba <br />instrument played by plucking the iron keys as the source of the tone, while the coconut shell is used as the main <br />medium for the sound resonance of the Kalimba instrument. Kalimba is classified into a type of lamellophone <br />instrument, which is a musical instrument that has a tongue or a thin plate. In addition to the easy-to-use <br />manufacturing process, the tools and materials in making these instruments are also easy to find and can even <br />take advantage of used materials. The results of making bio-musical instruments are expected to become a <br />reference and reference for academics and non-academics, regarding how to make musical bio-instruments <br />using coconut shell waste. <br /> <br />Keywords : Bio-Music Intrument, Coconut Shells, Kalimba</p>

IDENTIFIKASI POTENSI WISATA DESA TANGKUP KARANGASEM MENUJU DESA WISATA RINTISAN

Tangkup Village has an area of 2,667 Km2, most of which is in the form of rice fields. The natural tourism potential of Tangkup Village is a rice field area located in Tangkup Anyar, a watershed located in Tangkup Desa area, and green hills that surround the village. Cultural potential in the form of cagcag woven cloth which is a typical product of Tangkup, traditional snacks called jaje tulud, tipat pesor and sangait. In other places, sangait is made from sweet potatoes, Sangait in Tangkup village is made from cassava which is widely grown by local people. However, in the process of developing this snack product, it encountered obstacles related to the dough that did not support the process of design tulud cakes with coconut shells. Even though the community wants to develop jaja tulud, the tools used should not be replaced. Because of these difficulties, not many residents survive to make jaja tulud which is usually used for ceremonial needs. Regarding its function as a typical snack, students want to develop this snack so that it can be of economic value and accepted by tourists through a more elegant presentation. Students are actively involved in the preparation for the formation of Pokdarwis so that the direction of village development is towards a managed and directed tourism village. So far, the potential management of Tangkup Village is still being handled independently by utilizing the land owned, especially those located near watersheds, in the form of cafes, rafting, Asta Gangga Park attractions and bamboo houses that are being built as tourist facilities on the hill. The village hopes that students will help generate the tourism potential of Tangkup Village, so that it is widely known and visitors enjoy the beauty of this beautiful fertile village through the preparation of local human resources to welcome Tangkup village which will soon become a tourist village.

EFFECT OF CHARCOAL QUALITY ON TOXICITY OF HOOKAH TOBACCO

Анализ современного российского рынка табачной продукции свидетельствует о росте популярности смесей для кальяна. Особенностью данного продукта является специфика его потребления: нагрев с использованием натурального древесного или кокосового угля. Угарный газ – монооксид углерода в дыме кальяна появляется вследствие сгорания угля. Исследованы качественные характеристики угля для кальяна – влажность, продолжительность розжига и горения, динамика изменения температуры чаши и калауда в процессе работы кальянной системы – и его влияние на органолептические свойства кальянного дыма и содержание монооксида углерода в нем. В качестве объекта исследования были образцы угля для кальяна на основе скорлупы грецкого ореха (Украина), на основе скорлупы кокосового ореха (Индонезия), а также быстровозгорающийся древесный уголь, пропитанный селитрой (Польша). Установлено, что содержание монооксида углерода в аэрозоле при использовании угля из скорлупы грецкого ореха на 20% ниже, чем при использовании угля из скорлупы кокосового ореха, и в 10 раз ниже, чем при нагревании быстровозгорающимся древесным углем, пропитанным селитрой. Угли из скорлупы грецкого ореха и скорлупы кокоса имеют большую, чем быстровозгорающийся древесный уголь, продолжительность розжига, однако они характеризуются большей продолжительностью горения, меньше влияют на органолептическое восприятие курильщика и подходят для использования в любых кальянных системах (с калаудом и без него). Analysis of modern Russian market of tobacco products indicates that popularity of hookah tobacco is increasing. The main distinctive feature of this product is peculiarity of its consuming. It is heated by natural charcoal or coconut charcoal. Carbon monoxide in hookah aerosol appears due to burning process of utilized charcoal. Qualitative characteristics of charcoal – humidity, time of starting charcoal burning and time of burning, dynamics of temperature change of the bowl and kalaud during the hookah system are investigated. The effect of hookah charcoal on the organoleptic properties of hookah smoke and the carbon monoxide content in it has been determined. Samples hookah charcoal made of walnut shells (Ukraine), charcoal made of coconut shells (Indonesia), quick lighted charcoal made of wood charcoal and impregnated with niter (Poland) were used as the object of the study. It was found that the carbon monoxide content in the aerosol when using walnut shells charcoal is 20% lower than when using coconut shells charcoal, and 10 times lower than when using quick lighted charcoal. Despite the fact that charcoals from walnut shell and from coconut shell have a much longer time of starting burning than quick lighted charcoal, they are characterized by a longer burning, less affect the organoleptic perception of the smoker and are suitable for use in any hookah systems (with calaud and without it).

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BED-TO-TUBE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS IN BUBBLING FLUIDIZED BED

The overall bed-to-tube heat transfer coefficients of the blends of Lafia-obi coal and coconut shells have been investigated in a bubbling fluidized bed combustor. Experiments were performed at five different particle sizes of coal (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mm) and five different particle sizes of coconut shells (2, 6, 10,14 and 18 mm) for different blend proportions of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. Results obtained showed that the overall bed-to-tube heat transfer coefficient decreased with increasing coconut shell particle size in the blends. Combined effects of high radiation from large particle size of coal (25 mm) and high convection heat from small particle size of coconut shell (2 mm) at blend proportion of 10 and 50% produced the maximum bed-to-tube heat transfer coefficient. Due to the importance of heat exchange in the fluidized bed, it is observed that the contribution of biomass co-firing with coal is significant, hence, co-firing at optimal particle size and biomass blend ratio is imperative for achieving higher bed-to-tube heat transfer in the fluidized bed boiler.