Using DSLR to 'Scan' Colour Slides: learning from the Digitising Jemdet Nasr 1988–1989 Project

This article presents a cost-effective method for digitising photographic film for archival purposes using a DSLR camera, focussing on the widely used colour reversal Kodachrome film produced by Eastman Kodak between 1935 and 2009. I discuss the digitisation of an archive of 787 Kodachrome slides taken between 1988 and 1989 during the excavation of Jemdet Nasr, an archaeological site located in southern Iraq (Project website). I compare results obtained using a film scanner (Nikon Coolscan IV ED) with two different scanning software solutions (SilverFast and VueScan), a flatbed scanner (HP Scanjet 8300), and two DSLR cameras with macro lens (a Canon EOS KissX3 with 105mm lens and a Canon EOS 80D with 90mm lens). The results demonstrate the cost-effective value of the DSLR method for archives where time and resources are limited, but where digital photography equipment might be readily available, such as an archaeological unit or a university department. The method allows for high quality, fast and economical digitisation of excavation and collection archives that will enhance research. The method also offers superior results in rendering the high dynamic range of photographic film such as Kodachrome.

Automating 35mm Photographic Film Digitization: X-Y Table Capture System Design and Assessment

35mm still image formats are some of the most abundant photographic film types in cultural heritage collections. However, their special handling needs coupled with high resolution digital capture requirements have traditionally posed logistical constraints with regard to the formats' digitization at scale. Through the use of a programmable X-Y table camera capture system, both slide and strip 35mm photographic film can be digitized in an automated fashion following Federal Agencies Digitization Guidelines (FADGI).

Multidecadal elevation changes from spy satellite images: application to glaciers and landslides

<p><span>Earth’s surface has evolved dramatically over the last 50 years as a consequence of anthropogenic activities and climate change. The observation of such changes at decadal scales is often limited to sparse in-situ observations. The growth of satellite remote-sensing has enabled such monitoring at regional/global scales but generally over less than two decades.</span></p><p><span>More than 2 million images have been acquired by American reconnaissance (“spy”) satellites </span><span>on photographic film</span><span> from the 1960s to the 1980s, and progressively declassified. </span><span>W</span><span>ith </span><span>near-global coverage and</span><span> meter to sub-meter resolution, </span><span>these images have a large potential for many geoscience applications. However </span><span>the photographic archive represents a unique set of challenges: pre-processing of the scans, correction of the image distortion caused during storing and scanning, </span><span>poorly</span><span> known camera position</span><span>s</span><span> and parameters. </span><span>The vast majority of studies using these data rely on tedious manual processing of the data, hindering regional scale applications.</span></p><p><span>Here</span><span>, we present the existing datasets and</span><span> the development of an </span><span>automated </span><span>processing</span><span> pipeline</span><span>. We will focus in particular on images acquired </span><span>by </span><span>the Hexagon mapping camera (1973-1980, </span><span>12 missions</span><span>) at 6-9 m ground resolution. A fully automated workflow has been developed to detect the 1081 fiducial markers present on the image, correct for distortion and stitch the different parts of the image, scanned in multiple sections. The pre-processed images are then </span><span>used </span><span>to generate Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) at 24 m resolution</span><span> with</span><span> the </span><span>open-source </span><span>NASA Ames Stereo Pipeline. The </span><span>developed workflow </span><span>is able to automatically solve </span><span>for</span> <span>the unknown </span><span>camera position</span><span>s/</span><span>orientation</span><span>s</span><span> and optimally aligns </span><span>the DEMs </span><span>to an ancillary DEM for </span><span>the </span><span>determination of elevation change</span><span>s</span><span>. </span><span>The application to ~600 images has revealed systematic biases in the retrieved elevation, up to 30 m error, linked to uncertainties in the camera parameters (focal length, lens distortion). We present a methodology to refine these parameters using an ancillary DEM only, without use of manual Ground Control Points. The KH-9 elevation is then validated against existing maps in Europe and Alaska and shows a </span><span>vertical accuracy of </span><span>~5 m </span><span>(68% interval) to 10-15 m (95% interval)</span><span>, </span><span>sufficient for the study of large surface deformation (glaciers, landslides).</span></p><p><span>Finally, we conclude with several use of these data for the estimation of 40 years geodetic glacier mass balance in Europe and Alaska, and irrigation-triggered landslides in South Peru.</span></p>

Wayfaring Images

The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678; 1684) has been illustrated in many different forms and media, from its early days on the book market up until today. For over the last three centuries, John Bunyan’s allegory has inspired illustrators in numerous and varied ways, the images born of the text having materialized on book pages as well as on individual sheets, but also on canvas, photographic film, glass panes, and walls. Two-dimensional creations have also led the way to three-dimensional images, exhibited or performed in a variety of places and for a whole range of publics. This chapter contends that these sundry ‘illustrations’, by professional as well as amateur artists, have secured the diffusion and the popularity of the text through its temporal and geographical journeys, and across cultural boundaries.

SINTESIS DAN KARAKTERISASI SELULOSA ASETAT DARI ALFA SELULOSA TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT

Selulosa asetat merupakan senyawa turunan selulosa yang sering digunakan sebagai serat, membran, dan film fotografi dalam industri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh waktu asetilasi terhadap karakter selulosa asetat yang dihasilkan. Adapun proses yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah proses cellanase dengan bahan baku tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS). Tahapan reaksinya adalah aktivasi, asetilasi, dan hidrolisis. Aktivasi dilakukan di dalam labu leher tiga dengan penambahan asam asetat glacial 50 mL dan diaduk selama 3 jam pada kecepatan 125 rpm. Selanjutnya ditambahkan asetat anhidrida 15 mL sebagai agen asetilasi. Asetilasi dilakukan dengan variasi waktu, 2; 2,5; 3; dan 3,5 jam. Pada tahapan hidrolisis, ditambahkan air 2 mL dan asam asetat glacial 5 mL. Reaksi berlangsung selama 30 menit. Selanjutnya ditambahkan 1 gram natrium asetat untuk netralisasi yang berlangsung selama 5 menit. Kemudian dilakukan pencucian sampai bau asam asetat hilang. Tahapan terakhir adalah pengeringan yang dilakukan dengan suhu 55ºC selama 6 jam. Produk yang dihasilkan kemudian dianalisis kadar air, kadar asetil, rendemen dan gugus fungsi menggunakan analisa FTIR. Selulosa asetat yang terbaik diperoleh pada waktu asetilasi selama 2,5 jam dengan kadar asetil 40,36%, kadar air 4.43%, dan rendemen 153,8%.Kata kunci: cellanase, selulosa, selulosa asetat. Cellulose acetate is a cellulose derivative which is often used as a fiber, membrane, and photographic film in industry. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of acetylation time on the character of cellulose acetate. The process used in this study is the process of cellanase with α-cellulose of empty palm oil bunches materials. Stages of reaction are activation, acetylation, and hydrolysis. Activation was performed in a three-neck flask with the addition of 50 mL glacial acetic acid and stirred for 3 hours at 125 rpm. Then added 15 mL acetic anhydride as acetylation agent. Acetylation was performed by varying the time, 2; 2.5; 3; And 3.5 hours. At the hydrolysis stage, 2 mL of water and 5 mL glacial acetic acid were added. The reaction lasts for 30 minutes. Then added 1 gram of sodium acetate for neutralization lasts 5 minutes. then do the washing up to the smell of acetic acid disappeared. The final stage is the drying is done at a temperature of 55ºC for 6 hours. The resulting product was then analyzed for water content, acetyl content, rendement and functional groups using FTIR analysis. Cellulose acetate are best obtained at the time of acetylation for 2.5 hours with acetyl content of 40.36%, water content 4:43%, and a yield of 153.8%.Keywords: acetate cellulose, cellanase, cellulose.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ГАЗОРОЗРЯДНОГО СВІТІННЯ ПАЛЬЦІВ РУК ЛЮДИНИ ПРИ РІЗНИХ ТИПАХ ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ

There were 52 healthy people. Of them, 28 were in junior courses and 24 were in senior courses. According to the results of psychological tests there were identified three types of thinking: visual-figurative and verbal-logical, intuitive. Kirlian photographs of the surveyed individuals fingers in the experimental device «REC 1» were done. The method of acquiring, processing, and subsequent analysis included analog-to-digital conversion Kirlian images to highlight areas of illumination of the individual fingers, binarization of images with the threshold brightness, calculation of the area of corona glow. The obtained results complemented results of psychological tests, revealed mixed types of thinking, their expression, the dependence of the period of study at the university. To identify the emotional characteristics of the students associated with the constitutional type of the individual, selectively kronograf research on Polarod color photographic film with computer processing of scanned images carried out. Check radiation around the fingers of people surveyed in the color film, determination of the ratios of colors in the image, their energy allowed to determine the type of emotional activation of student body's potential abilities that affects motivation and optimize learning at the university.

INCREASE IN THE REFLECTED INTENSITY OF X-RAY FILMS USING PHOTONIC CRYSTALS

Photographic film is the familiar image of recording X-ray method. Examinations performed with radiographic intensifying screens reduce the patient’s exposure to radiation of X-rays compared with those without radiographic intensifying screens, where it directs less than half of the light emitted from the X-ray film with a screen interaction. A reflective layer made of magnesium oxide or titanium dioxide is located between the screen and the base of the film; this layer can help regain the control of the header light in other directions and is forwarded to the film. One-dimensional array of photonic crystals (PCs) consists of MgO with Al and TiO2 with Al used as reflectors. This array may increase the reflected intensity by an amount of 10.88% if MgO–Al PCs with periodicity [Formula: see text] are used as reflectors.