Microsporidian Infection in Mosquitoes (Culicidae) Is Associated with Gut Microbiome Composition and Predicted Gut Microbiome Functional Content

The animal gut microbiota consist of many different microorganisms, mainly bacteria, but archaea, fungi, protozoans, and viruses may also be present. This complex and dynamic community of microorganisms may change during parasitic infection. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the presence of microsporidians on the composition of the mosquito gut microbiota and linked some microbiome taxa and functionalities to infections caused by these parasites. We characterised bacterial communities of 188 mosquito females, of which 108 were positive for microsporidian DNA. To assess how bacterial communities change during microsporidian infection, microbiome structures were identified using 16S rRNA microbial profiling. In total, we identified 46 families and four higher taxa, of which Comamonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Flavobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae were the most abundant mosquito-associated bacterial families. Our data suggest that the mosquito gut microbial composition varies among host species. In addition, we found a correlation between the microbiome composition and the presence of microsporidians. The prediction of metagenome functional content from the 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggests that microsporidian infection is characterised by some bacterial species capable of specific metabolic functions, especially the biosynthesis of ansamycins and vancomycin antibiotics and the pentose phosphate pathway. Moreover, we detected a positive correlation between the presence of microsporidian DNA and bacteria belonging to Spiroplasmataceae and Leuconostocaceae, each represented by a single species, Spiroplasma sp. PL03 and Weissella cf. viridescens, respectively. Additionally, W. cf. viridescens was observed only in microsporidian-infected mosquitoes. More extensive research, including intensive and varied host sampling, as well as determination of metabolic activities based on quantitative methods, should be carried out to confirm our results.

Role of water bodies in the structure of open public spaces of cities (Chermyanka river)

Most of the cities standing on rivers are currently faced with the problem of the formation of near-water depressed spaces. The paper presents the results of a study of the depressive territory of the Chermyanka River section (Moscow), in which the authors took part. Based on the results of the reconnaissance survey and sociological research, the main problems of the study area were identified. Based on the analysis of successful foreign and domestic projects for the revitalization of depressed spaces, ways of solving these problems are proposed. The paper describes an option of the reorganization of the depressed territory under consideration, developed by the authors. The choice of zoning the territory of the river into green and open public spaces has been substantiated. The functional content of public spaces and communications is described, allowing them to be combined into an integral recreational complex. The new public space will allow the Bibirevo and Otradnoye districts to be linked by a pedestrian route and will provide free movement between the banks of the river.

LINEAR ZONING IN THE STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL STREET`S POTENTIAL (THE CASE OF ACADEMICIAN VERNADSKY BOULEVARD, KYIV)

The article considers the linear zoning on the example of one of the Kyiv boulevards on the basis of the new methodological approaches adapted to the capital of Ukraine. The research makes it possible to determine the functional content, development peculiarities and transport infrastructure of the street as an urban area. The article provides recommendations for improving the functional zone of the territory and its detailed planning.

ANI, Mash and Dashing equally differentiate between Klebsiella species

Species of the genus Klebsiella are among the most important multidrug resistant human pathogens, though they have been isolated from a variety of environments. Given the need for quickly and accurately classifying newly sequenced Klebsiella genomes, we compared 982 Klebsiella genomes using different species-delimiting measures: Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI), which is becoming a standard for species delimitation, as well as Mash, Dashing, and DNA compositional signatures, which can be run in a fraction of the time required to run ANI. ROC analyses showed equal quality in species delimitation for ANI, Mash and Dashing (AUC: 0.99), followed by DNA signatures (AUC: 0.96). The groups obtained at optimal cutoffs were largely in agreement with species designation. Using optimized cutoffs, we obtained 17 species-level groups using either ANI, Mash, or Dashing, all containing the same genomes, unlike DNA signatures which broke the dataset into 38 groups. Further use of Mash to map species after adding draft genomes to the dataset also showed excellent results (AUC: 0.99), producing a total of 28 Klebsiella species in the publicly available genome collection. The ecological niches of Klebsiella strains were found to neither be related to species delimitation, nor to protein functional content, suggesting that a single Klebsiella species can have a wide repertoire of ecological functions.

DIGITAL EDUCATIONAL WORKSHOP AS A FUNCTIONAL-CONTENT MODEL OF MODERN EDUCATION

Обоснован педагогический феномен «цифровая образовательная мастерская». Предложена типология цифровых образовательных мастерских и технология их реализации, установлены функции и представлено содержание различных типов цифровых образовательных мастерских. Сформулированы цифровые компетенции педагога как участника и модератора цифровой образовательной мастерской. The pedagogical phenomenon «digital educational workshop» has been substantiated. The typology of digital educational workshops and the technology of their implementation are proposed, the functions are established and the content of various types of digital educational workshops is presented. The digital competencies of a teacher as a participant and moderator of a digital educational workshop have been formulated.

THE ROLE OF THE PROPER NAMES OF THE LITERARY HEROES IN MYROSLAV DOCHYNETS' NOVEL "CHILDREN OF THE FERN"

The relevance of our study is due to the fact that in modern linguistics is still insufficiently studied the potential of the proper names of the literary heroes in the prose texts of famous authors. Therefore, in our opinion, the study of the hero's own name needs special attention, and a thorough analysis of the proper names of the literary heroes in M. Dochynets' novel "Children of the Fern" opens opportunities for further generalizations in the field of relevant linguistic and stylistic issues. The purpose of our article is to study the role of the proper names of the literary heroes in the novel "Children of the Fern" written by the Transcarpathian writer, winner of the Shevchenko Prize Myroslav Dochynets; our task is to describe the proper names of the literary heroes, to reveal their information loading, the role in the development of the plot. The object of the research is the novel "Children of the Fern" by M. Dochynets. The subject of the research is the proper names of the literary heroes and their functional content. Methods and techniques. Research methods are determined by the specifics of onymic material, which requires a systematic approach and the use of traditional descriptive method and its basic techniques: observation, interpretation and generalization. The functional load of the proper names of the literary heroes is determined by the method of contextual analysis. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time the role of the proper names of the literary heroes functioning in the novel "Children of the Fern" by M. Dochynets is studied. Attention is paid to the role of the proper names of the literary heroes (including pseudonyms) and the conditions of their origin; the etymological meaning (internal form) of the proper names of the literary heroes is revealed. It is proved that proper names of the literary heroes in the novel are the most important lexical elements that have a variety of semantic and emotional content, they are accompanied by connotations and various associations, and they characterize the character by national, social origin, and create a certain emotional tone, reflect the author's attitude to the named character. Conclusions. Proper names of the literary heroes in the novel "Children of the Fern" are a powerful layer of vocabulary. Their role in the text is difficult to evaluate: they are indicators of time, nationally significant, informational and evaluative – they perform different functions.

PRINCIPLES OF REVITALIZATION OF WORKED OUT QUARRIES, BASED ON EXAMPLE OF KRYVYJ RIH

Problem statement. A quarry is classified as an architectural object that has its own structure. As each industrial facility has an expiration date, the question of its restoration and inclusion in the planning structure of the city increasingly arises. Quarries that are not used for their intended purpose pose a real threat to the dispersal of housing and public buildings in the city, complicating public relations. Although mining is necessary for the development of the country's economy, the development of deposits has a negative impact on the environment. Firstly − the change of natural relief, different in depth and other parameters, and secondly − not the same type of design solution during the revitalization of the worked quarry. The presence of analysis and principles of reorganization of space and functional purpose in the quarries can improve the affected areas of the city. Purpose − development of scientifically substantiated proposals and recommendations of the principles of revitalization of quarries as spent industrial facilities in the urban environment in accordance with the existing functional content of the city in order to create an ecologically balanced and comfortable human environment with a positive impact on the urban ecosystem. Conclusions. The study of the worked quarry not as a mining object for mining, but as an engineering complex industrial object, which in turn is able to meet the main groups of human processes, expands the criteria for analysis and improvement of the revitalization of the territory. Restoration of these facilities is aimed at improving the architectural, environmental and emotional state of the city. Using the necessary principles for a single point of integration (career), the urban area becomes more balanced in terms of functional content.

PENGARUH VARIASI FORMULASI DAN WAKTU PENGERINGAN TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK MINUMAN HERBAL DAUN BELUNTAS DAN DAUN MINT

Beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) leaf is a plant that has high antioxidant compounds, and mint (Mentha piperita L.) leaf contain mentol compounds which can improve the taste of herbal drinks. In the processing, the drying process can affect the functional content of beluntas leaves and mint leaves. This study aims to determine the effect of drying time and the formulation of beluntas leaves and mint leaves on physical (colour), chemical (moisture content, total phenol, and antioxidant activity), and sensory (colour, smell, taste, and overall) properties and to determine the combination of drying time and the formulation of beluntas and mint leaves that provide the best herbal drink. The experimental design carried out in this study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a combined factor, drying time and formulation of beluntas and mint leaves. The time variation used is 1.5 hours; 2 hours and 2.5 hours. Various formulations of beluntas leaves and mint leaves used were 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1. The results showed that the treatment of variations in drying time and the formulation of beluntas and mint leaves had a significant effect on physical (a* and °Hue values), chemical (moisture content, total phenol, and antioxidant activity), and sensory (colour) characteristics. The best treatment in making herbal drink from beluntas and mint leaves is with 1.5 hours drying time and the formulation is 1:1.

Media Screens and Media Facades in the Space of Russian Cities: Problems of Integration into the Urban Environment

The paper presents the results of the study of architectural media objects as a new phenomenon in the urban environment. The relevance of the study is associated with an ever-increasing number of both media architecture objects in a modern city, and the emerging problems of their integration into the current context from the point of view of architecture and socio-cultural values of society. Based on the analysis of media facades and media screens both in Moscow and St. Petersburg, and in a number of large Russian cities, their characteristics were determined, which made it possible to propose a classification by size and functional content. As a result, a classification by size and functional content was developed. The authors identified the problems of integrating media objects in the urban space and the main methods of urban planning placement of media screens and media facades.

Bicycle center infrastructure in a city

The paper deals with the bicycle center infrastructure in a city, which becomes popular every year, but is not yet studied properly. Little attention is devoted to the spatial development for two-wheeled vehicles, so there are many problems to be discussed and solved.The purpose of this paper is to determine the types of bicycle centers in the structure of a city, from the main and central to regional and peripheral that connect all urban areas. Moving along the bicycle paths from home to a large bicycle center and back to home, one can communicate in bicycle centers. Less functional peripheral centers provide repair services, bicycle rental and small recreation. The city of Rostov-on-Don is taken as an example.The following parameters are determined: optimum distance between bicycle centers of different types, their functional content, bicycle center location in the city. In the future, it is possible to arrange such centers in any city due to their unification.The model of the bicycle center network is proposed for the city of Rostov-on-Don, that are characterized by different area and multifunctional purposes for each district to attract people. The main bicycle center includes sports grounds, bicycle track, rock climbers, skate park, gyms, ski jumping hall and other sports facilities. Roof-top bike trails, amphitheater with a street stage, art spaces, go-karting can be arranged on the territory of these centers.