MANFAAT VEGETASI DI BAWAH TEGAKAN KARET (Hevea brasiliensis) PADA KHDTK ULM MANDIANGIN

This research aims to determine the benefits of plants contained under the rubber stand (Hevea brasiliensis) on KHDTK ULM Mandiangin. The method used for the collection of undergrowth species is a plotted track, a path made as many as two lanes with a track width of 5x50 meters and a distance between lines as far as 50 meters. Determination of the location of observation plots was done by purposive sampling, namely deliberate point determination. To find out the benefits of the undergrowth, interviews were conducted with key respondents, taken from journal literature and books on medicines. Based on the results of the study found 52 species of undergrowth at the study site, 30 species of plants have medicinal properties and 22 other types are used by the community for building materials, firewood as well as food.. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui manfaat tumbuhan yang terdapat di bawah tegakan Karet (Hevea brasiliensis) pada KHDTK ULM Mandiangin. Metode yang digunakan untuk pengambilan jenis tumbuhan bawah adalah jalur berpetak, jalur yang dibuat sebanyak dua jalur dengan luas jalur 5x50 meter dan jarak antar jalur sejauh 50 meter. Penentuan letak petak pengamatan dilakukan secara purposive sampling yaitu penentuan titik secara sengaja. Untuk mengetahui manfaat dari tumbuhan bawah dilakukan wawancara dengan responden kunci, diambil dari literatur jurnal dan buku-buku tentang obat-obatan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan 52 jenis tumbuhan bawah di lokasi penelitian, 30 jenis tumbuhan mempunyai khasiat obat dan 22 jenis lainnya dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat untuk bahan bangunan, kayu bakar juga bahan makanan

Fruit quality and harvest point determination in white-fleshed dragon fruit

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of white-fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) at harvest and postharvest to determine fruit quality and the feasibility of harvesting the fruits at different outer fruit color stages. The treatments consisted of four peel color stages – S1 (<25% red peel), S2 (25%-49% red peel), S3 (50% to 75% red peel) and S4 (>75% red peel) – and two evaluation times (at harvest and one day after full red peel color), which corresponded to 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after harvest for the S4, S3, S2 and S1 color stages, respectively. The total, peel and pulp weights, pulp yield, peel thickness, pulp firmness, pH, total soluble solids and peel, scale and pulp colors were evaluated. The peel and scale colors are reliable indicators of fruit quality. It is possible to extend the postharvest shelf life of the fruits by harvesting at the S1 stage, but this negatively affects yield and final quality; the fruits are smaller and less sweet, making harvesting unfeasible at this timepoint. Despite the higher yield and quality of fruits harvested at a more advanced ripeness stage (S4), the postharvest shelf life is considerably reduced. Thus, fruits at stages S2 or S3 should be harvested to obtain higher yield and quality.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Plastik dan Kaca sebagai Pembuatan Bata Plastik yang Ramah Api

In order to preserve the environment from plastic waste, various ways can be done, one solution is to make a brick made from plastic that is the secret fire and use glass as its mixture. Fire-friendly here using the distillation tool is done so that the oil content of the plastic is separate and the plastics produced are more friendly to the flame. The experimental design by using RAL was used to determine the composition of brick making. In determining the composition is fitting done with a test object, a cube-shaped test object with a size of 5x5x5 cm. Maximum of absorbent brick power is 20%, from the processing result then in the sample can be 4th with water absorption of 0.74%. Based on data processing, the total plastic weight for plastic bricks is 12.77%. Then based on the observations that have been made known at a time 5 minutes 23 seconds. The bricks are not distilled, then the brick that has been distilled melted at a time of 17 minutes 40 seconds. Then based on the calculation result can be cost of raw materials amounting to Rp 51,000, labor cost of Rp 38,461, and the overhead variable fee is Rp 25,000. So the total cost per day of Rp 114,461. Then based on 5% margin, brick sale price of Rp 3,000/seed and breakeven point determination or break event point plastic brick 43 seed, and the point of the scan is Rp 99,350.6493.

Qualité et essais de traitement des eaux en milieu périurbain : cas des eaux de forage des cantons Légbassito et Vakpossito (Togo)

L’objectif de ce travail est de contribuer à la potabilisation des eaux de forages dans les zones périurbaines de la ville de Lomé (Togo). L’évaluation de la qualité physicochimique et bactériologique a été réalisée sur 30 échantillons en utilisant les méthodes normalisées (AFNOR). Les essais d’élimination des nitrates par le charbon actif et de désinfection par le chlore pour la détermination du break-point ont été réalisés sur les eaux de plus forte teneur en nitrate dans chaque site étudié. Les résultats des enquêtes ont montré que les forages réalisés dans les zones périurbaines sont à 95% manuels. Les forages sont souvent implantés sans orientation technique à cause de la facilité qu’offre la formation sédimentaire. La profondeur varie de 25 à 35 m. Les résultats ont montré que les forages sont réalisés dans un environnement insalubre, dépourvu d’infrastructure d’assainissement (plus de 80%). Plus de 70% des échantillons d’eaux analysés ont des pH acide (< 6,5). Quatre-vingt-dix pour cent des échantillons d’eaux analysés ont des goûts salés, 87% deséchantillons ne sont pas conFormes à aux valeurs guides de l’OMS. La concentration des nitrates (élément toxique) et le fer (élément indésirable) sont très élevés, respectivement dans les proportions de 13% et 6% des eaux de forages analysées. La totalité des échantillons analysés est contaminée par des germes indicateurs d’origine fécale. Les échantillons d’eaux analysés ne sont pas conformes aux normes de potabilité des eaux de consommation. La contamination serait due prioritairement aux techniques de « foration » et à la maintenance périodique de la pompe. Les essais de traitement par le charbon actif et le chlore se sont révélés efficaces et constitueraient une des mesures à prendre en compte dans le traitement des eaux. Mots clés : Eau de forage, contamination, traitement, charbon actif, chlore. English title: Quality and testing of water treatment in peri-urban areas: case of borehole water in the Légbassito and Vakpossito cantons (Togo)The target of this study is to have a part in the preservation of sinking waters of Lomé city’s suburbs areas. (Togo). The assessment of physicochemical quality and bacteriological has been carried out on 30 samples using standardized methods (AFNOR). Nitrate elimination tests with activated charcoal and disinfecting chlorine for break-point determination have been carried out on waters of high nitrate content on each studied site. Surveys’ results have shown that sinking, carried out in the suburbs’ areas are of 95% manuals. Sinkings are often done without technical orientation due to the easy layer of sedimentary formation. The depth varies from 25 to 35 m. Results showed that sinkings are carried out (over 80%) in an unhealthy environment devoid of sanitation infrastructures. The pH is mostly acid (< 6,5). Waters are salted (about 90%) and 87% of samples are not standard to the WHO recommended values. Nitrates concentration (toxic element) and the iron (undesirable element) are very high, respectively in the proportions of 13% and 6% of tested sinking waters. The whole of tested samples are contaminated by germ indicators from faeces. Tested water samples are not standard to preservation norms of drinking water. Contamination might have resulted as a priority from « foration » techniques and periodic maintenance of the pump. Tests treatment with activated charcoal and the chlorine are effectively revealed and constitute one the measures to be taken into account in water-processing.Keywords: Water sinking, contamination, processing, activated charcoal, chlorine

Statistical methods of screening cut point determination in immunogenicity studies

Background: Currently, screening cut point (CP) calculated from an assay validation with replicates are applied to an immunogenicity study with nonreplicates, for which the antidrug antibodies rate is determined. IID treats the replicate of a sample as coming from another independent sample. AVE uses average results from each sample across runs but inter-assay variability is reduced. Therefore, we propose a random effect model (REM) for calculating CP. Materials & method: We investigate impact of noncompatibility design between validation and immunogenicity studies on CP and compare these methods. Conclusion: IID may not fit for use when replicates’ variability dominates all sources of uncertainty. REM considers covariance structure of repeated measurements. CP by REM is smaller than that by IID but larger than that by AVE.