WCTECGdb: A 12-Lead Electrocardiography Dataset Recorded Simultaneously with Raw Exploring Electrodes’ Potential Directly Referred to the Right Leg

With this paper we communicated the existence of a surface electrocardiography (ECG) recordings dataset, named WCTECGdb, that aside from the standard 12-lead signals includes the raw electrode biopotential for each of the nine exploring electrodes refereed directly to the right leg. This dataset, comprises of 540 ten second segments recorded from 92 patients at Campbelltown Hospital, NSW Australia, and is now available for download from the Physionet platform. The data included in the dataset confirm that the Wilson’s Central Terminal (WCT) has a relatively large amplitude (up to 247% of lead II) with standard ECG characteristics such as a p-wave and a t-wave, and is highly variable during the cardiac cycle. As further examples of application for our data, we assess: (1) the presence of a conductive pathway between the legs and the heart concluding that in some cases is electrically significant and (2) the initial assumption about the limbs potential stating the dominance of the left arm concluding that this is not always the case and that might requires case to case assessment.

Understanding diverse TRPV1 signaling – an update

The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is densely expressed in spinal sensory neurons as well as in cranial sensory neurons, including their central terminal endings. Recent work in the less familiar cranial sensory neurons, despite their many similarities with spinal sensory neurons, suggest that TRPV1 acts as a calcium channel to release a discrete population of synaptic vesicles. The modular and independent regulation of release offers new questions about nanodomain organization of release and selective actions of G protein–coupled receptors.

Simulating Arbitrary Electrode Reversals in Standard 12-lead ECG

Electrode reversal errors in standard 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECG) can produce significant ECG changes and, in turn, misleading diagnoses. Their detection is important but mostly limited to the design of criteria using ECG databases with simulated reversals, without Wilson's central terminal (WCT) potential change. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study that presents an algebraic transformation for simulation of all possible ECG cable reversals, including those with displaced WCT, where most of the leads appear with distorted morphology. The simulation model of ECG electrode swaps and the resultant WCT potential change is derived in the standard 12-lead ECG setup. The transformation formulas are theoretically compared to known limb lead reversals and experimentally proven for unknown limb–chest electrode swaps using a 12-lead ECG database from 25 healthy volunteers (recordings without electrode swaps and with 5 unicolor pairs swaps, including red (right arm—C1), yellow (left arm—C2), green (left leg (LL) —C3), black (right leg (RL)—C5), all unicolor pairs). Two applications of the transformation are shown to be feasible: ‘Forward’ (simulation of reordered leads from correct leads) and ‘Inverse’ (reconstruction of correct leads from an ECG recorded with known electrode reversals). Deficiencies are found only when the ground RL electrode is swapped as this case requires guessing the unknown RL electrode potential. We suggest assuming that potential to be equal to that of the LL electrode. The ‘Forward’ transformation is important for comprehensive training platforms of humans and machines to reliably recognize simulated electrode swaps using the available resources of correctly recorded ECG databases. The ‘Inverse’ transformation can save time and costs for repeated ECG recordings by reconstructing the correct lead set if a lead swap is detected after the end of the recording. In cases when the electrode reversal is unknown but a prior correct ECG recording of the same patient is available, the ‘Inverse’ transformation is tested to detect the exact swapping of the electrodes with an accuracy of (96% to 100%).

Kinetic Architecture Application at The Shed at Hudson Yards

<p>As the arrangement of modern performance art evolves to be more dynamic and fluid, the physical and programmatic flexibility of performance spaces plays a vital role in the long-term sustainability of these facilities. Because of its transformable nature and ability to provide unprecedented flexibility, kinetic architecture is a fast-growing field which integrates architecture with electro-mechanical and structural engineering. Building functionality and performance integration is enhanced by moving various elements to reconfigure a space to the desires of its artists. Retractable roofs have been used in stadiums and other types of facilities to control environmental effects; however, this case study demonstrates how kinetic architecture has been creatively adapted to provide a highly flexible performance and exhibit space.</p><p>This paper provides a brief overview of the design and construction of The Shed at Hudson Yards. This twelve- story high moving structure, weighing 3725 tonnes (8,000,000 pounds), is designed to be moved from its nested position over a fixed building to its deployed position over the adjacent plaza. The Shed’s deployed position creates an enclosed space similar in size and scale to the main concourse of Grand Central Terminal. For additional flexibility, The Shed also features large movable wall sections which can be opened allowing air and pedestrian movement through the plaza space.</p>

On the Einthoven Triangle: A Critical Analysis of the Single Rotating Dipole Hypothesis

Since its inception, electrocardiography has been based on the simplifying hypothesis that cardinal limb leads form an equilateral triangle of which, at the center/centroid, the electrical equivalent of the cardiac activity rotates during the cardiac cycle. Therefore, it is thought that the three limbs (right arm, left arm, and left leg) which enclose the heart into a circuit, where each branch directly implies current circulation through the heart, can be averaged together to form a stationary reference (central terminal) for precordials/chest-leads. Our hypothesis is that cardinal limbs do not form a triangle for the majority of the duration of the cardiac cycle. As a corollary, the central point may not lie in the plane identified by the limb leads. Using a simple and efficient algorithm, we demonstrate that the portion of the cardiac cycle where the three limb leads form a triangle is, on average less, than 50%.

Erroneous message discovery with data acquisition and secret communication in cellular networks

Cellular networks are susceptible to different varieties of security barrages, inclusive of erroneous message inoculation, message falsification and monitoring. Sensitivity knots can be adjudicate by invaders and the adjudicate knots can misinterpret message integrity by inoculating erroneous message. Erroneous message can be inoculated by adjudicate sensitivity knots in different measures, Inclusive of data acquisition and broadcasting. In a System the erroneous message exposure methods contemplate the erroneous message inoculations during the message promoting only. In an (SEP) symmetric en-route purifying schemes facilitates broadcasting knots and central terminal will expose erroneous message with a assertive possibility. In an interlaced step-by-step validation pattern Sensitivity knots are not granted to execute the data acquisition during message promoting. The Capricious Cipher based En-route purifying scheme (CCEP) nips erroneous message en-route without balanced key distribution. Message confidentiality means message to be enciphered at the origin knot and deciphered at the terminal. However, message acquisition methods usually need any enciphered sensitivity message to be deciphered at data acquisition. The essential idea at the rear of the erroneous message exposure algorithm is to make team of sensitivity knots in which one team operates a message authentication code (MAC) of promoting message and the alternate team afterwards checks the message using the MAC. Data acquisition is equipped in cellular sensitivity network in order to remove message repetition, minimize message communication, and increase message efficiency.