A new understanding of the origin of electric current

Because charge, current, resistance, and voltage are understood based on the perspective of electricity, they can describe various electrical phenomena well, but they cannot explain their origins. Therefore, this article attempts to propose a new understanding of these phenomena from the perspective of mechanics to obtain a feasible way of explaining their origin and to solve problems that cannot be explained from the perspective of electricity. Specifically, this paper attempts to explain the origin of electric charge to obtain a new understanding of the origin of current and to obtain a new understanding of voltage and resistance by explaining the origin of current. Finally, from the perspective of mechanics, the origin of charge can be understood as a manifestation of electron momentum, the origin of current can be understood as a momentum flow, the origin of resistance can be understood as a momentum resistance, and the origin of voltage can be understood as a potential pressure (potential difference) of electron orbital potential. This new understanding of the origin of current from a mechanical perspective can provide a new theoretical explanation for high-temperature superconductivity.

Detection of Ramularia collo-cygni DMI- and SDHI-resistant field populations in Austria and the effect of fungicides on the population and genetic diversity

Winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the third most cultivated crop after corn and wheat in Austria but one of the most challenging for disease control. The foliar pathogen Ramularia collo-cygni B. Sutton and J.M. Waller, causing Ramularia leaf spots (RLS), is one of the most important diseases in barley. In the recent years, control has only been achieved using fungicide mixtures including the multi-site inhibitor chlorothalonil, however this compound is totally banned in the EU. The objective of this study was to assess fungicide dose-rates and spray mixtures for RLS control. Furthermore, a field monitoring within the main barley growing areas of Austria was carried out, to analyse the current resistance situation to DMI and SDHI fungicides, which are still the backbone in RLS control. The results indicate that only the mixture with chlorothalonil achieved a good RLS control. Prothioconazole or benzovindiflupyr (alone or additively) decrease the severity of RLS but increase the local frequency of Cyp51 and sdhC mutations, especially the high dose rates. Based on a low Cyp51 mutation frequency of 16% in untreated control this frequency increased over 3.8 times following an application with 300 g ha−1 prothioconazole. The cumulative-sdhC mutations were even more increased after an application with benzovindiflupyr. This study showed that Ramularia collo-cygni is present in 91% of barley fields presented in this field survey. Widespread use of chlorothalonil fungicide maintained a low to moderate mutation frequency (Cyp51-I325T, Cyp51-I328L, sdhC-H146R and sdhC-H153R) in Austrian barley regions with no increase between 2017 and 2019.

Current Status of Insecticide Susceptibility in the Principal Malaria Vector, Anopheles gambiae in Three Northern States of Nigeria

Background: Malaria is a major public health problem in Nigeria with 97% of its population with high morbidity and mortality. Mosquitoes play an important role in the transmission of malaria parasites. This study was conducted to eval­uate the current resistance status of Anopheles gambiae to insecticides. Methods: Larvae of An. gambiae was collected from three zones; A, B and C differentiated on the basis of variation in agricultural ecosystems between August and November, 2018 in the northeast and northwestern parts of Nigeria. They were carefully reared to adult stage and insecticidal susceptibility tests were conducted. Results: The mosquitoes tested showed high levels of resistance to all the insecticides used with the exception of mala­thion. Study zone A, recorded 74% mortality after 24h to deltamethrin compared to 81% from zone B and 82% from zone C, respectively. Mosquitoes from zone B exposed to DDT had the highest level of resistance at 37% compared to 40% and 53% from zones A and C, respec­tively. Resistant to bendiocarb was also observed, with zone A having the lowest mortality of 44% com­pared to 48% from zone C and 55% from Zone B, respectively. According to the results of knockdown tests, mosquitoes from Zone A exposed to deltamethrin recorded the lowest knockdown across the study locations while zone B recorded the lowest knockdown for DDT. Conclusion: The results of the study provide an insight into the current status of An. gambiae to four major insecticides in northern Nigeria as guideline for mosquitocontrol.

UHF RFID Conductive Fabric Tag Design Optimization

This paper presents the design of a 920 MHz Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band radio frequency identification (RFID) conductive fabric tag antenna. The DC (Direct Current) resistance and impedance of the conductive fabric are measured by a DC multimeter and by a network analyzer at a UHF frequency band. The conductivities of the fabrics are calculated with their measured DC resistance and impedance values, respectively. The conductivities of the fabric are inserted into the CST simulation program to simulate the fabric tag antenna designs, and the results of the tag designs with two conductivities are compared. Two fabric UHF RFID tag antennas with a T-Matching structure, one with the name-tag size of 80 × 40 mm, and another with 40 × 23 are simulated and measured the characteristics of tag antennas. The simulated and measured results are compared by reflection coefficient S11, radar cross-section and reading range. The reading range of the 80 × 40 mm fabric tag antenna is about 4 m and 0.5 m for the 40 × 23 size tag. These fabric tags can be easily applied to an entrance control system as they can be attached to other fabrics and clothes.

Reporting of exercise descriptors and variables in resistance training interventions for lower limb tendinopathy: Protocol for a scoping review applying the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template and Toigo and Boutellier Framework.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders have a significant global burden, with tendinopathies of the lower limb having a high prevalence. Although the use of resistance training interventions as treatment for tendinopathies has become widespread, the reporting and description of these interventions is often poor, preventing translation to clinical practice. Specific exercise description and intervention variables must be reported in order to translate research findings into clinical practice. This scoping review aims to summarise reporting of current resistance training interventions as assessed by the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template and Toigo and Boutellier Framework.Methods and analysis: The recommended methodological framework described by the Joanna Briggs Institute will be used to structure this review, with reporting in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR. Databases to be searched include MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, EMBase, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane library (Controlled trials, Systematic reviews), JBI Evidence Synthesis, and five trial registries. Two independent reviewers will screen studies at title/abstract and full text. Following screening, data will be extracted and charted, then presented as figures and table alongside a narrative synthesis. Dissemination: This scoping review will evaluate current resistance training exercise descriptors and program variables in lower limb tendinopathy using recommended frameworks for the first time in the literature. The results will allow dissemination of the parameters of research exercise interventions to clinical practitioners through peer-reviewed publication and social media outlets, allowing implementation in clinical practice. The review will also outline future research and exercise reporting needs within tendinopathy resistance training interventions.

Exilic Inscriptions

This essay reflects the author’s interest in understanding the reasons for the growing resistance to theory witnessed over the last couple of decades. The first part attempts to demonstrate that literature and literary theory have been involved in complex dialectical moves between autonomy and heteronomy. The second part focuses on the role of exile in the production and negation of theory; two case studies examine both the potency of theory in exile and the constraints imposed on it. At stake here is gaining insight, through this focus on exile, into the impurity of theory, its pragmatic enmeshments and instability. The author then turns to reflect on the reasons for the current resistance to theory, emphasizing the significant role migration has recently played, as part of a wider constellation of factors, in this process. The text concludes with an examination of (literary) theory as a specifically Western product that has not necessarily had such an intense hold over other, differently constituted cultural zones.

Buddhist Philosophy as Philosophy

Is Buddhist philosophy properly thought of as philosophy? The work of Buddhist thinkers such as Vasubandhu, Nāgārjuna, and Dharmakīrti is widely recognized as deploying the same sorts of tools to investigate the same sorts of topics as what one finds in the practices of academic philosophers in the early 21st century. Still there is resistance to incorporating Buddhist philosophical texts into the philosophy canon, and this both from “mainstream” academic philosophers and from Buddhologists (scholars of the Buddhist tradition). Current resistance can be traced to concerns over the soteriological context of Buddhist philosophizing. Those who wish to maintain the present Eurocentric focus of the philosophy canon suspect that the soteriological ends to which philosophical inquiry is put by Buddhists must compromise philosophy’s commitment to rationality and Buddhism’s commitment to its goal of salvation. Resistance from both sides thus presupposes that a spiritual practice necessarily involves commitments that are not rationally assessable. And this presupposition may be incompatible with the core Buddhist teaching of non-self. If this clears the way to including the Buddhist philosophical tradition in the canon, one must ask how this may affect the two parties to the project of fusion. A brief look at some recent missteps reveals that only if there is greater teamwork between philologically trained Buddhologists and scholars trained in (what currently counts as) “mainstream” academic philosophy can there be real progress. But the potential benefits—for both sides—may well justify the effort.