Das regelmäßige schwache Verb im Mooringer Friesisch: Zwei Konjugationsklassen oder phonologisch bedingte Allomorphie?

In this article we investigate the historical development of the regular weak verb in Mooring, the most vital Mainland North Frisian dialect. We show that until the first half of the 20th century Mooring still distinguished between the two weak conjugation classes inherited from Old Frisian and typical for most Frisian dialects: Class I without and class II with a theme vowel -e- in the endings of the 2nd and 3rd Person Singular Present, the Past and the Past Participle. From the end of the 19th century onward, a process of deletion of schwa after sonorants gradually caused the fusion of class II weak verbs with a stem-final vowel or sonorant with class I weak verbs. After World War II this process came to its (near) completion and the former morphological division of the weak verbs in two conjugation classes was given up in favour of a phonological distribution of the endings on the basis of the stem-final segment: Endings with e appear after obstruents, endings without e after vowels and sonorants. Although modern grammars in principle recognized this new phonological conditioning of the weak conjugation, they failed to see that there remained a number of exceptions,viz. former class I weak verbs with a stem-final obstruent still taking an eless ending. That one is dealing with exceptions here is clearly shown, however, by the fact that these verbs gradually adapt to the phonological conditioning and assume endings with e in modern Mooring.

Gjin taalsoarch yn de soarch. De rol fan Frysk en Meartaligens yn de soarch- en wolwêzenssektor yn Fryslân

This article discusses how university-level healthcare and welfare course programs in the official bilingual Province of Friesland/Fryslân can best be aligned with healthcare practice regarding the use of Frisian and the inclusion of other forms of multilingualism. 15 interviews with healthcare and welfare professionals confirm previous findings on the significant role of minority languages in the healthcare and welfare sector. When minority languages, such as Frisian, are used the bond between healthcare recipient and care provider is strengthened and the patient is better able to communicate. However, the 9 interviews with lecturers, directors and team leaders of healthcare and welfare programs in Fryslân show that these pay little attention to Frisian and multilingualism in their curriculum. At the same time, it appears that those involved in the teaching understand the importance of addressing communication in Frisian and other languages and recognise that this aspect should be embedded in courses that focus on properly connecting with the personal context of the care recipient. These results will be discussed by providing recommendations for healthcare and welfare programs in higher education on how to incorporate minority languages, in particular, and multilingualism, in general.

Das Verb „brauen“ im Helgoländischen: mit Beibehaltung der starken Flexion und reich entwickelter Semantik

The verb „brew“ in the North Frisian dialect of the North Sea island of Heligoland is in two respects remarkable: first it has retained its original strong inflection (section 1) and secondly it developed a number of special meanings during the 19/20th century (section 2). I have tried to demonstrate how this great diversity came about: The starting point for thesemantic development was probably the analogy ʽbrew kettleʼ (for beer brewing) ~ ʽsteam boilerʼ (of steam-boats). In a small seafaring nation a shift of meaning from ʽbrew (beer)ʼ → ʽdrive (a ship)ʼ may seem rather natural; less so the further steps via *ʽmove in generalʼ → ʽwalk briskly, runʼ and so on (→ ʽlive, keep house, manage to get on well (as a single)ʼand ʽbe busy, workʼ etc.). Sense 8. of the dictionary entry, a figurative meaning, stands apart, namely ʽconcoct, contrive, prepare, bring about, causeʼ: spec. evil, mischief, trouble, woe (OED). It is noted that this sense was developed in most Germanic languages and it probably represents a much older sprout on the helig. brau-tree than do the senses 2. to 7. Insection 3, I deal with the helig. idiom Bin brau ʽto bring into disorderʼ and the helig.-wfris. parallel uun Bin ~ yn ʼe/ʼt bûn ʽin disorderʼ. – In the appendix the revised and enlarged word article brau with its prefix compounds is presented

Trije stúdzjes oer Obe Postma. Oer Dreaun fan ierde’ dream fan Philippus Breuker yn ferhâlding ta In libben dat bloeide nei syn aard fan Tineke Steenmeijer-Wielenga en Geart van der Meer

In a short period of time two biographies of the Frisian poet Obe Postma were published. In 2017 Obe Postma. In libben dat bloeide nei syn aard appeared, a book consisting of two parts: a life story of Postma by Tineke Steenmeijer-Wielenga, entitled „Al wat ik skriuw, dat is wier bard‟, and a series of articles by Geart van der Meer, mostly about Postma‟s poetry and translations, called „Fier haw ik myn dreamen weide/ En de himmel iepen sjoen‟. One year later, in 2018, Philippus Breuker published another sizeable biography: Dreaun fan ierde‟ dream. In this article it is argued that Breuker‟s new book is in many ways very rich and instructive. His analysis of Postma‟s philosophical world view is excellent and hischapters about the poet‟s studies of Frisian history are probably unsurpassable. Still, Steenmeijer-Wielenga‟s biography also has certain unique qualities. She brings the poet to life in an empathetic way, often by means of well-chosen quotations from Postma‟s letters or articles. Besides, her book has a fine composition and is elegantly written. Van der Meer‟s articles sometimes miss subtlety, especially when he comments on Postma‟s religious outlook or on the technical aspects of his poetry. But he too adds valuable views, for instance when he notices a permanent paradox betweenPostma‟s search for an all-encompassing whole and his passionate love for sensory details. Together, these three books form an impressive enrichment of the study material about this great Frisian poet.